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你可能喜欢丹尼特意识理论研究
丹尼特是塔夫茨大学的哲学教授，兼任认知研究中心的主任。他在意识研究热潮的早期就提出了意识的解释理论。我们有意识的心智能够体验我们的各种经验、能够做出各种伦理判断等。我们通过内省的第一人称的方法可以直接亲知我们的意识。而实际上，我们的大脑只是神经元灰质、皮质的一些组合物，看起来很简单而没有智能。那么我们的大脑中这些无智能的神经元如何产生有意识的心智呢？我们通过科学的第三人称的方法能够到达我们的心灵吗？这成为了意识的一个奥秘。这篇论文主要研究丹尼特的意识理论，主要包括他研究意识的方法论问题、他对意识的解决和他的意识...展开
丹尼特是塔夫茨大学的哲学教授，兼任认知研究中心的主任。他在意识研究热潮的早期就提出了意识的解释理论。我们有意识的心智能够体验我们的各种经验、能够做出各种伦理判断等。我们通过内省的第一人称的方法可以直接亲知我们的意识。而实际上，我们的大脑只是神经元灰质、皮质的一些组合物，看起来很简单而没有智能。那么我们的大脑中这些无智能的神经元如何产生有意识的心智呢？我们通过科学的第三人称的方法能够到达我们的心灵吗？这成为了意识的一个奥秘。这篇论文主要研究丹尼特的意识理论，主要包括他研究意识的方法论问题、他对意识的解决和他的意识理论所引起的各方面争论。　　在方法论问题上，丹尼特认为哲学和科学是同盟，我们通过第三人称的异现象学方法可以解决意识问题，因此意识问题并不神秘。为此他采用计算功能主义的机制来对之进行解释。同时计算功能主义曾遭到各方面的质疑，他通过修改传统功能主义来对之进行坚持。　　在这种异现象学方法论和功能主义的底层机制之下，他提出了多重草稿意识理论模型来反驳传统笛卡尔意识理论。在笛卡尔意识理论之下，我们的意识是串行的意识流，自我具有内在的体验者和观察者的地位，凡是被自我观察到的都是有意识的。而在多重草稿之下，我们大脑中的信息加工过程是并行的、多轨道地进行的，自我只是我们外在假设的一个叙事重心，而不具有作为内在体验者的角色。多重草稿目前已经得到学界的支持，它的理论中包含了表征理论和高阶理论。为了使自己的多重草稿模型能够在科学中得到实现，丹尼特对群魔混战模型、全局工作空间理论和全局神经工作空间理论表现出同情。在这种意识理论模型之上，丹尼特认为意识本质上是一个虚拟机器，但是由于外在论者的批判，这种虚拟机器不能是在传统图灵机的机器表状态下的产物，而应该从进化论的视角出发，把意识看作是一个文化的举重机，一级一级地通过神经系统的产生、大脑的可塑性、虚拟机器的安装等过程一个建立在另一个之上而产生。意识是虚拟机器的远程功能主义观点必然要回应无心人和感觉质的责难，丹尼特通过高阶理论和对感觉质本体论地位的否认，使功能主义从这两种质疑之下突围，并将意识定位为与功能相关的一系列倾向，实现了自己意识理论的圆满。　　虽然他的意识理论有重要的影响力，但是也引起了很多的争论。本文主要围绕他对多重草稿合理性论证过程中的现象实在论和非实在论之争问题、中文屋问题、意识是文化建构还是生物学特征的争论，以及感质本体论地位的实存性问题和难问题的解决等问题，分析了其争论的核心和对错。　　从上述争论可以看出，丹尼特的意识理论失败了。他的理论整体上是对传统意识难题的解释，从多重草稿模型对笛卡尔剧场的攻击和对自我的解构，到从进化论特征对意识的文化建构，再到对感觉质的否定，他的意识观已经发生了改变，内在的意识经验已经变为外在的与整体生命状态相联接的倾向状态。虽然他认为自己的理论是建立在当代计算主义、认知科学和哲学的进步之上，但是他的意识理论还是犯了错误。他之所以会犯否认内在感觉质的错误，是因为他前期的对意向系统的工具主义解释的理论前提决定的。工具主义不对内在意向性做本体论承诺，因此他的意识理论也不对经验做本体论承诺。只要他坚持这样的前提，必然会得出这样的结论。虽然他的意识理论失败了，但是这毕竟是一种意识解释的尝试，还有很多成功的地方。他最成功的地方在于他的方法论，他消除了意识的神秘，将意识从一种神秘的、第三人称方法难以触及的内容改变为一种科学的方法可以着手操作的内容，为我们的新的自然化研究提供了方法论上的重要的借鉴和指导。收起
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一条整合途径：无意识加工与意识加工之间的关系
A Way of Integration: The Relationship
between Conscious and Unconscious Processes
DOI: , PP. 473-484
Keywords: 意识加工，无意识加工，完备集合，整合途径Conscious Processes,,,
在美国国家卫生研究院公布的9个大脑研究重点资助领域中，其一是把神经科学实验与理论、模型、统计学等进行整合，而意识加工与无意识加工之间的关系可能是其中一条候选整合途径。该关系可以从四个角度进行阐述：意识加工之间的影响；无意识加工对意识加工的影响；意识加工对无意识加工的影响；以及无意识加工之间的影响。本文在综合介绍上述四个方面研究的同时，着重对后面两个研究较少的方向进行论述。特别是首次提到无意识加工之间相互影响、相互作用的观点，并对其现实和理论意义作了较详细的阐述。这些意义包括创造性现象的重新解释、意识全局工作空间理论的修正、不同意识理论的整合、静息态研究的解释以及认知资源概念的重新理解。最后，我们认为无意识加工间的相互作用可能是意识加工与无意识加工之间相互影响的桥梁。从意识加工与无意识加工的角度来看，上述四种关系(特别是后三种)可能构成了大脑加工机制的完备集合，可以作为一个对研究数据及模型等进行整理与整合的思路。
National Institute of Health (NIH) of US will mainly sponsor nine research areas about brain, one of which is to integrate theory, modeling, statistics, and computation with experimentation. In this review, we speculate that the relationship between conscious and unconscious processes might be a candidate way of integration. As to relationship between conscious and unconscious processes, there are four aspects: 1) the interactive influences within/among conscious processes, which mainly reflect the role of attent 2) the unconscious modulation on conscious processes, which is studied mostly in unconsci 3) the conscious modulation on u 4) the interactive influence within/among unconscious processes, which is seldom investigated by now. Based on recent findings, we mainly focus on the last two points, especially the possibility of interactions between unconscious processes and its theory implications (reinterpretation of mechanism of creativity, modification of global neural workspace theory, integration of different consciousness theories, new interpretation of resting state, sleeping and cognitive resources). In addition, recent studies showed that top-down category selective attention (i.e. consciousness) modulated unconscious processes in a continuous manner because of continuous-changed degree of contour alternation. At last, we first posited that interactions within/among unconscious processes could serve as a bridge between conscious and unconscious modulations on each other. From the viewpoint of conscious/unconscious process, the last three points might form a complete set of cognitive mechanism in brain research and serve as a candidate way of integration.
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