为什么US GAAP规定固定资产折旧税法规定上用LIFO,财务报表上必须用LIFO,会影响现金流总量,导致不一致

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学校代号: 10532
湖南大学高校教师硕士学位论文
税务成本对制造业盈余管理行为的
AResearchonInflue
学位论文原创性声明
本人郑重声明:所呈交的论文是本人在导师的指导下独立进行研究所取
得的研究成果。除了文中特别加以标注引用的内容外,本论文不包含任何
其他个人或集体己经发表或撰写的成果作品。对本文的研究做出重要贡献
的个人和集体,均已在文中以明确方式标明。本人完全意识到本声明的法
律后果由本人承担。
作者签名:蒋斌
日期:阳,。年,,月才日
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本学位论文作者完全了解学校有关保留、使用学位论文的规定,同意学
校保留并向国家有关部门或机构送交论文的复印件和电子版,允许论文被
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本学位论文。
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(请在以上相应方框内打“√”)
作者签名:旖斌
日期:趵,p年 I/月才日
导师签名:丽扣
日期:7,,olo年lf月计日
高校教师硕士学位论文
盈余管理问题是我国资本市场诞生以来一直为理论界和实务界共同关注的热
点问题,当研究者们集中讨论盈余管理的方法和动机时,却忽视了盈余管理的成
本问题。除了潜在的法律成本之外,一项直接的成本便是税收成本。当面对盈余
管理的税收成本,管理层是否会采取相应的手段来规避该项成本,这构成了我们
本次研究的核心内容。
但是,税务成本并非想象的那么简单,单就所得税来说,现有研究在考察税
负成本与财务报告成本之间的权衡时,往往隐含假定盈余管理行为一定会导致所
得税负变化,但事实上,会计利润与应税所得之间差异的存在,使得某些盈余管
理行为并不一定导致所得税负的变化。同时,税收作为国家宏观调控的手段之一,
是一个复杂的结构体系,所得税在其中只占了一个比较小的比例,而不同的税种
在面临相同的盈余管理手段时,施加给企业的税收成本可能是不同的,因而给予
了企业为规避税务成本而进行的盈余管理结构选择的空间。
我们选择上海和深证证券交易所A股制造业上市公司作为研究样本,采用了
母公司报表数据,经过实证检验,验证了我们的假设,不同的税务成本及税务成
本的上升会导致不同的盈余管理结构。
说明在上市公司进行盈余管理过程中,受到了税务成本的约束,为摆脱这种
束缚,上市公司相应的调整了自己的盈余管理结构以规避税务成本。而上市公司
规避税务成本的方式,不仅仅包括对非应税项目的盈余管理手段运用,还包括不
同税种间税务成本的权衡与相应的盈余管理结构调整。
关键词:盈余管理;税务成本;结构调整
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IFRS-US GAAP
IASB -- IFRS Income statement and other comprh income Internal control (management’s responsibility) Financial statement prepar Financial statement elements Elements related to performance Definition of Asset Upward valuation Standard setting approaches No specified order Assets, Liabs, Equity, Inc, Exp Inc and Exp Resource from which a future economic benefit is expected to flow Allowed Largely principles-based (relies on a broad framework) Goods: risk and reward of owne no continuing control or Revenue re revenue and cost can
probable flow of economic benefits Services: amount of rev, stage of N/A 分或合 I/S can be combines with OCI as a single statement of comprh income. Or separately.FASB -- US GAAP 分开 Comprh 在 equity 中 Firms can choose to report comprh income in the statement of SHs’ E. Auditor must express opinion on firm’s internal controls, either separately, or as the fourth element of the standard opinion. Current must come before noncurrent. Assets, Liabs, Equity, Rev, Exp Rev, Exp, G, L, Comprh inc A future economic benefit. Probable, for both assets and liabs. Mostly not allowed. Traditionally rules-based (give specific guidance), but moving toward objectives-oriented approach When it is realized or realizable, and earned. Additional guidance by SEC: evidence of arrangement betw product can be delivered or ser price is determ seller is reasonably sure of collecting money completion, and cost incurred and cost of completion can
probable flow of economic benefits Rev rec for L-T contr Outcome reliably estimated Outcome cannot be reliably measured Completed-contract Loss is expected Installment sales Collectability is certain Collectability cannot be reasonably estimated Collectability highly uncertain Based on fair value of rev from Barter transactions similar non-barter transactions with unrelated parties Cost recovery method Rev rec = contract cost Costs expensed when incurred Prof rec only at completion Immediately reced Discounted PV of installment payment rec at time of sale. Difference between installment payments and discounted PV is reced as interest over time Installment method (aggressive) Profit for period = Collected cash * Profit as a % of sales (receive cash) Cost recovery method (sales recoged when cash is received) Rec as fair value only if has historically received cash payments for such G&S, use this historical experience to determine fair value. Otherwise, rec at carrying value of asset surrendered. Firm must: be the p Gross rev reporting Inventory exp rec Not mentioned Cost flow formula bear inven have control over supply and price Cost flow assumption Percentage-of-completion Rev, exp, and prof are recog only at completion Immediately reced Percentage-of-completion Percentage-of-completion (aggressive) (cost flow method) Extraordinary items (unusual + infrequent) LIFO change to other methods Report certain long-lived assets Liquidity-based format of B/S Report inventory Inventory write down Inventory write up (recovery of write down) Long-lived assetsFIFOFIFO or LIFO (LIFO more popular, lower inc tax in inflationary environment)Not allowed.Net of tax, reported separately after income from continuing operations. Carrying value of inventory as the first LIFO layerRetrospective application At fair value rather than historical cost Allowed if the presentation is more relevant and reliable Min (cost, net realizable value) When NRV & carrying value of inv (orig cost of inventory B/S) Loss recoged in I/S Allowed, gain rec in I/S by reducing COGS by recovery # Cost or revaluation (fair value with existing active market) Cost or revaluation model Allow impairment recovery (Δfv= ΔE, may record in I/S) Cost model or fair value model (Δfv record in I/S) Carrying value & recoverable amount Loss = carrying value C recoverable amountMin (cost, market) Market∈[NRV - normal prof margin, NRV] When market & carrying value, write down to market on B/S, loss on I/S, market value becomes new cost basis Not allowed, reported as higher profit when inventory is sold. Cost modelReport PP&ECost model Not specific definition for investment property Carrying value & A’s future undiscounted CF Loss = carrying value C fair value (or discounted future CF if fair value notInvestment property Impairment occur Impairment loss Recoveries. Purchased identifiable intangibles Internally created intangible As (R&D) Software development cost Dividends & interests Income taxes paid Direct method disclosure require I & T expense Income earned by temporarily investing borrowed funds Not necessary to adjust for I exp FCFF (included as fin act). If D paid is reported as op act, add D paid back to CFO. FCFE & Cash flow per share Component dep If CFO has already subtracted D, add D back to CFO Required Reduce capitalized interest C revaluation model only if active market for the asset exists Research: expense Development: can capitalize Can capitalize. Criteria: can complete A, intends to use/sell the A. I & D received: either op or inv I & D paid: either op or fin Op act unless the exp is associated with inv or fin trans Not required Disclosed separately in CF stat under either methodhave) NO recovery Only cost modelExpensed as incurred Capitalize for own-use. Expense for others. After technological feasibility is established, capitalize. D received, I received & paid: operating CF D paid: financing CF All reported as operating activities Disclose adjustments necessary to reconcile NI to CF from operating activities Either separately in CF stat or disclosed in the footnotesN/AAllowed, but seldom used Basis for measurement (historical cost usually). Useful lives or depreciation rate. Carrying value and accumulated depreciation. Reconciliation of carrying amounts from the bgn of period to the end of period. Disclosures required for PP&E Title restrictions and assets pledged as collateral. Agreements to acquire PP&E in the future. If revaluation model used, must disclose: Revaluation date. How fair value was determined. Carrying value using the historical cost model. Disclosures required for intangible assets Similar to those for PP&E, firm must disclose whether the useful lives are finite or indefinite. Amounts of impairment losses and reversals by asset class. Disclosures required for impaired assets Where the losses and loss reversals are recognized in the I/S. Circumstances that caused the impairment loss or reversal. Amortizing a discount or prem Bond’s issuance costs Effective interest rate method Initial bond L on B/S is reduced by issuance cost, increase effective interest rate Similar to those for PP&E, must provide an estimate of amortization expense for the next 5 years. Amount of loss. Where the loss is recognized in the I/S. A description of the impaired asset. Circumstances that caused the impairment. How fair value was determined. Effective interest rate method (preferred) or Straight-line method Capitalized as an asset (deferred charge), amortized to I/S as expense Depreciation expense by period. Balances of major classes of assets by nature and function. Accumulated depreciation by major classes or in total. General description of depreciation methods used. G/L from redeeming debtNo write off needed, costs are included in BV of bond liabilityWriting off remaining unamortized cost of issuing the bond reduces gain or increase loss. More specific than under IFRS: bar &75% asset’s economicFinance leaseDetermined by the economic substance of the transaction &90% fair value Sales type: PV of lease payment & carrying value of assets Direct financing type: PV lease pay=cv of AI/S: Service costs and past Change in a net pension A or L Unrealized G/L on ava-for-sale debt securities result from ex rate change Tax accounting differences Revaluation of fixed A and intan A Undistributed prof from invest in a sub …… in a JV …… in an associate firm DTA recognition Tax rate to measure Deferred A are rec in E Deferred taxed rec UNLESS parent can control distribution of prof and probably the temporary difference will not reverse Rec if “probable” that sufficient taxable profit will be available to recover the tax asset Enacted or substantially enacted Not allowed No def tax for foreign subs that meet indefinite reversal criteria No def tax for domestic sub if amounts are tax free Def tax rec from temporary differences. Rec in full then reduce if “more likely than not” some or all of the tax asset will not be realized Enacted tax rate only G/L recorded on I/S Not recorded as income. Subtracted (add) G (L) from NI from IFRS int income/exp B/S (E): remeasurements: actuarial G/L ; act RCexpected R I/S: expct R on plan A B/S: act G/L, amortized deferred taxes Presenting deferred taxed on B/Stax rate Netted, noncurrent Current or noncurrent based on underlying A or LCarrying value = value recorded on B/S Depreciated cost = original (historical) cost C acc depreciation & impairment Cost model @ Amortized cost = Historical cost C (accumulated depreciation + amort + depletion + impairment loss) Historical cost = Purchase price + cost necessary to get A ready to use (eg delivery and installment costs) Revaluation model @ fair value C accumulated depreciation Recoverable amount = Max (fair value C selling costs, value in use) Value in use = discounted future CF Net realizable value = Selling price C completion costs and disposal costs Market = replacement cost ? FASB and many other standards are working toward convergence with IFRS. Firms list shares in USA but do not use GAAP or IFRS are required to reconcile their fin stats with GAAP. IFRS firms in USA are not required for reconciliation. 国际的不需按本地改 Regulatory authority: SEC (USA) and FSA (UK), ENFORCE SEC filing (most important info for analysis of publicly traded firms) requirements for publicly traded companies in USA: 1) S-1: Registration statement, prior to the sale of new securities to the public. 2) 10-K: Annual filing, similar to annual report but cannot be substituted. Audited. 3) 10-Q: Quarterly filings, not necessarily audited. Non-US files 6-K. 4) DEF-14A: Proxy statement for shareholders 5) 8-K: Material events related to accountants, financial statements, or the markets in which its securities trade 6) 144: Issue securities to certain qualified buyers without registering the securities with SEC, but notify SEC of the intention 7) 3,4, and 5: Purchases and sales of company securities by corporate insiders Historical costs Unlisted equity investments Loans and receivablesAmortized costs Held-to-maturity securities 1Fair value Trading securities 2 Available-for-sale securities 3 Derivatives 4Unrealized G/L for 2&4: I/S; for 3: SHs’ E Amortized cost: original issue price C principal payment C impairment loss C amortized premium ( + amortized discount)女生版的也出炉啦~可移步&a href=&/question//answer/& class=&internal&&请问有哪些可以学习女装搭配知识的地方? - 林芷清的回答&/a&~~~&br&收藏是点赞的三倍多==你们这些坏人,只收藏不点赞都是耍流氓==哼哼&br&&br&&b&搭配学习篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生如何学习服装搭配? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&夏天男生该如何搭配? 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- 调查类问题&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&对于二十岁的男生,有哪些推荐的服装或者鞋类品牌? - 男装搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&网购什么男生衣服好看好穿便宜? - 男装搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些适合年轻人穿的男装服装品牌(价格 500 - 1500 元)? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&哪里购买物美价廉的男装? - 男装搭配&/a&&br&&b&必备单品篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男装里有哪些必备的单品? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&上衣选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的外套有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男性如何选择风衣? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&如何挑选男士毛衣? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些值得推荐的经典美式的风衣、飞行夹克? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男式大衣的发展历史是怎样的,受军装的影响有多大? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要哪些短袖的基本款呢? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&裤子选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的裤子有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&腿粗的男生穿衬衫如何搭配裤子? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&衬衫选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的衬衫有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&衬衫的选择与搭配? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些高调但不落俗套的男生衬衫风格? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&好的男士衬衫品牌有哪些? - 男装&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&哪些男士休闲衬衫品牌不错? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&衬衫领型的选择有什么讲究?比如在什么场合适合穿尖角领,在什么场合穿温莎领? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&如何将衬衫服帖的压在裤子里? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士穿衬衫什么样的标准算合体? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&鞋子选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&如何选购适合年轻人的皮鞋? - 男性着装&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些款式的男士运动鞋造型好看穿着舒适又可以提升身高感? - 耐克(Nike)&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&什么鞋能耐穿 5-10 年,并且能够搭配休闲裤和牛仔裤? - 调查类问题&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些适合在校大学男生穿的皮鞋? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生身高偏矮如何优雅地穿中高帮鞋? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&淘宝有哪些好看到爆的男鞋店铺? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些经典的 Sneaker 鞋款? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&价位不超过两千的男靴有什么推荐? - 鞋靴&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&对于二十岁的男生,有哪些推荐的服装或者鞋类品牌? - 男装搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&推荐一些布洛克鞋子的品牌? - 鞋靴&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的鞋子有哪些? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&配饰选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士怎么系围巾好看?有哪些技巧? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士如何选购适合自己的帽子?有什么讲究? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的帽子有哪些? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的手表有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的领带有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的腰带有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士怎样穿袜子(正装)才抖骚而不失分寸? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士戴什配饰加分又不显装逼? - 男士搭配技巧&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些比较好的男士钱包推荐? - 时尚&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生配眼镜时如何挑选镜框显得不违和? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&对即将毕业的大学生,有哪些性价比高的表值得推荐? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士如何选择适合自己的墨镜? - 生活&/a&&br&&b&包袋选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款的包袋有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&20 到 30 岁男士上班背什么牌子的包比较好? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&20岁男生买包给点建议? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&hold住正装篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&如何选择各个价位段的西服? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&西装好看在什么地方?为什么一直是男士着装扮靓的不二选择? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士冬天如何穿正装? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&实习生/应届生面试时穿正装,应该注意什么? - 衣服&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士正装的白衬衫里面应该穿什么合适? - 职场&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些比较经典的口袋巾折法? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&穿着西服有哪些细节需要注意? - 生活&/a&&br&&b&香水选择篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&怎样选择男士香水? - 男性&/a&&br&&b&季节篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&夏天男士服装应该如何搭配,才能凸显品味呢? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&夏天男生该如何搭配? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男生需要的基本款夏装有哪些? - 生活&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&夏天男生如何穿的显运动阳光还不会让人骂装逼? - 服饰搭配&/a&&br&&b&其它忠告篇:&/b&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&男士在着装方面有哪些禁忌? - 男装搭配&/a&&br&&a href=&/question/& class=&internal&&有哪些可以给男生加分的装扮或习惯? - 生活方式&/a&
女生版的也出炉啦~可移步~~~ 收藏是点赞的三倍多==你们这些坏人,只收藏不点赞都是耍流氓==哼哼 搭配学习篇:
希望我的经验文能帮到你~&br&这是我的CFA一级考试心得体会,经验总结。 &br&其实这是人家的douban日记啦—&&a href=&///?target=http%3A///link2%3Furl%3Dhttp%253A///note//& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&/note//&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&不到5个月的时间!妥妥的全A!木哈哈~&br&&br&&br&写在前面: &br&对我个人而言,这是一次全新的考试体验,考完之后我就觉得实在是很有必要写点什么纪念一下,最令我兴奋的不是我通过了考试,而是通过整个的备考过程(不论是复习看书,考前心态的调整,还是对考试当天过程的控制)我对自己有了新的认识,也发现自己真的开始成熟起来了。我很欣慰。 &br&结果也非常令人愉快,不算弃考考生的情况下,37%的通过率,看似不易,实则难不住认真准备的有心人。 &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~正儿八经滴~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&道德手册上说吐协会的槽不违规!那就先吐个槽! &br&教材捆绑销售,考试费用高,Sample收费等等这些槽点我们暂且按下不表! &br&尼玛成绩为什么要发邮件通知呢! &br&直接放到官网上自己查询不好么,是对自己的服务器不自信么? &br&爹刷邮件刷的心都碎了! &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~吐槽结束~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&接下来要认真写了,可是到底要采取什么记叙手法呢! &br&插叙吧,如果插叙是想到哪儿写到哪儿的代名词的话~ &br&&br&12年12月中旬的一个深夜收到协会的邮件,大概说了两件事: &br&1.美国东部时间1月22日上午九点成绩会发到你邮箱,24小时后官网可查询。 &br&2.QQ邮箱不给力,换一个吧,不然收不到成绩不可以赖我们的哦~ &br&&br&关于1,美国人一定没听过计划不如变化快这句话,不然怎么提前一个月就敢通知! &br&关于2,果断换了Hotmail。 &br&&br&&br&&br&百爪挠心的从10点刷到11点半!一无所获,于是在茫然失措的情绪中睡去。 &br&凌晨两点醒来,手机登邮箱,收到了,点进去。 &br&终于看到了属于自己的Congratulations!Nice! &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~好吧我知道上面这些你都不想知道~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&关于报名~ &br&这次真的好好写了! &br&我报名真是够早的(),协会的earlybird原则,12月的考试3月前报名比较便宜,借了张双币信用卡,连注册费带一级报名费总共刷掉了近1100刀。报名的过程中没什么复杂的,有问题也是英文表达的问题(家庭住址什么的),六级水平自己报名绰绰有余了,没必要找代理浪费那50块钱的代理报名费。 &br&&br&值得一提的是报名时登记的主邮箱最好是gmail,hotmail,yahoo这种在全世界广泛使用的邮箱,QQ邮箱什么的还是算了吧。 &br&&br&教材是捆绑销售的,一级用电子版已经足够了,Notes看好稳过的,原版教材的电子版在复习后期查漏补缺还是很好用的,主要是通过电子书软件的查找功能找到书上相关概念帮助理解Notes上写的不太清楚的概念。 &br&&br&电子版教材是要使用第三方(Vital Source)电子书软件的,报名成功后,邮箱会收到一个授权码,下好第三方软件,注册并激活后就可以下载电子版教材了,一旦激活,可以使用5年(具体记不清了,在协会网站上看到过,应该没错),也就是说5年内无限次下载你报名当年的原版教材,所以不用担心电脑出问题重装系统之后昂贵的电子书会丢失。 &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~报名差不多就是这样了~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&关于复习过程,这才是重点对吧! &br&&br&复习用到的材料: &br&Schweser Notes 2011版 (看了新大纲之后跟同学借了2012版的Book2,Book3,复印之)&br&10,11,12三年的Mock和Sample &br&原版教材(电子版,主要用的是原版教材上的练习题,这个题非常好!) &br&Schweser的Practice exam 2011 &br&Standard Handbook &br&某机构的基础班&冲刺班视频 &br&&br&时间分配: &br&将近80%的时间用在Notes上 &br&其中Ethics、FRA、Fixed income、权益投资、Derivatives、Alternative三遍 &br&数量、Corporate Finance、Portfolio两遍 &br&经济学一遍 &br&最后一个月的时间看了视频,做了三年的Mock和Samlpe,具体情况后面细说 &br&看其他材料的时间不足5%忽略不计 &br&&br&2012.2——2012.6,研一下学期,断断续续的看了看Notes的道德、数量、公司金融三个部分,熟练了金融计算器(TI的)的使用,考试的时候可以带两个计算器,我考试的时候就带了TI的普通版和专业版两个计算器。两个计算器的区别在一级涉及到的是Discount Payback Period的计算,另一个我觉得比较重要的区别是专业版换电池很方便,普通版要拆机,这个真不是一般的难拆。 &br&&br&2012.7——2012.8,研一暑假,因为要考驾照,勉强看了一遍报表分析,相当勉强。 &br&&br&00+刀的沉没成本开始发挥威力了有木有!每天在重压之下很认真的看书啊,怎么也得8H/Day吧!Book3报表分析一遍,Book4公司金融&组合管理&权益投资一遍,时间就到10月初了。 &br&&br&2012.10,国庆假期,没有了上课的影响,Book5固定收益&衍生品&另类投资,大部分是本科学过的东西,效率自然高。国庆收假后Book3,权益投资,固定收益又一遍,最后一周扫了一遍经济学,十月就这么过去了。 &br&&br&2012.11,开始看视频,主要是跟着授课人的思路回忆知识点,这种方式效率很高,同时通过听别人的讲解加深理解矫正偏差。Mock放在周六周天进行模拟,Sample则是利用没课的一整个上午或者下午进行训练。 &br&&br&说说做Mock&Sample的感受: &br&1.Mock模拟考试的时候,不论上午下午都做不完,基本上都要超时20分钟左右,只有最后一次模拟算是勉强没超时。 &br&2.必须承认不论是Mock还是Sample都跟真题有差距,真题定性型题目的比例更高!这就是为什么做Mock会超时,做真题却能提前一小时结束,不用算,不太用想,会就会,不会只能猜一个! &br&3.Mock如果能做到70%+,考试过肯定是没问题的!(我Mock的平均水平也就是个5A4B1C,72%左右) &br&4.Mock一定要掐时间做!Mock的出题思路跟真题很接近,错题一定要好好研究! &br&5.Mock和Sample的出题顺序与真题一致,而Schweser的practice eaxm跟真题的顺序不一致,真题中普遍认为最容易拿分的组合管理的题目在最后,时间不够的话,这部分一定不要放过。 &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~接下来是注意事项喽!~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&与顺利通关有关的金玉良言: &br&1.天道酬勤! &br&2.Notes已经是简化了的东西了,没有重点非重点之分。 &br&3.自己的重点笔记一定要有,考前就靠它了! &br&4.自己的错题笔记一定要有,考前就靠它了! &br&5.推荐将道德部分放在最后看,道德部分的考题都是小案例,里面涉及一些金融领域的操作方法&术语,看好后面的内容之后,对理解小案例的内容很有帮助,否则在看道德的同时又要学习金融术语,缺点有二,一是不够系统,一是占用精力。 &br&6.Schweser的Notes每个section后面都会有练习题,不论是角度、深度还是形式跟真题都差距较大,没有参考意义,只可用作熟练概念的工具,做得好做得差都要“不以物喜不以己悲”,当然也可以不做! &br&7.一定要重视原版教材的练习题,可能有些部分的题目不是选择题,不要怕麻烦,认真做,认真总结,至少做两遍! &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~接下来是对Eaxm Day的回忆~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&29号下午到广州 &br&30号CFA广州考场,白云区白云大道广州体育馆踩点 &br&踩点的结果分享一下,体育馆的西边,步行大概10分钟的路程(打车真的是一脚油门的事儿),是原来的老广州机场,现在成了商业区,肯德基必胜客星巴克一应俱全,正好可以解决令人发愁的午饭问题(午饭问题其实才是考试日的大问题吧!) &br&&br&广州体育场有1、2两个场馆,考试当天馆外会搭起临时的房子存放考生的随身物品,中午考场外会有临时摆设的桌椅供考生休息吃饭,传说中协会提供的盒饭没发现(估计广州考场没有),倒是有很多来送饭的人,像我这种单打独斗的同学要做好心理准备和计划,保证午饭质量,毕竟是6小时的持久战。 &br&说说考试当天的见闻: &br&1.按规定,上午8点半(下午一点半)之后不能入场,9点(下午2点)之后才可以继续入场,所以还是早去点比较好,随身物品会检查两遍,进馆时一遍,坐到座位上之前一遍,别抱侥幸心理。 &br&2.监考都会穿马甲,橙色和绿色,橙色明显是leader,只有一个橙色马甲是外国人,其他都是中国人,都很年轻很nice,据说监考一天有900多块啊! &br&3.找到自己的Section之后会有监考核对信息引导你就座。坐好后,在发卷之前随时都可以举手要求喝水、上厕所,开考后也随时可以去喝水、上厕所。整个考场有十几台饮水机,不用担心排队的问题。 &br&4.整个考场90%甚至更多都是学生(CFA持证人虽说全球只有10万多,但底下那个基数和),我所在的Section差不多有三分之一的人弃考,真挺可惜的,就算准备的不好,来体验气氛一下也是好的么。 &br&5.虽说上午的考试12点结束,但是收卷子&答题卡,检查卷子&答题卡都要耗费时间(差不多20分钟),这样出考场就已经差不多12点半了,由于1点半之后不可以入场,满打满算也就只有一个小时的时间吃午饭,午饭如何解决一定要事先计划好! &br&6.题目的难度方面,总体难度低于Mock,相对而言,个人感觉上午的简单,下午的稍难。 &br&上午一上来做的那两道数量的题目(我的做题顺序是跳过道德部分按顺序做,最后做道德部分)由于一下子没能进入英文表达的状态卡了一下,下午衍生品部分一道关于有保护的看涨期权(covered call option)的题目卡了一下。 &br&7.考场上一切行动听指挥,考场的广播指令全英文表达,听不清没听准的话,看到身边大部分人动了,再跟着动。 &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~接下来是关于通过标准的讨论~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&参加考试,了解怎么才能通过考试是必要的,考前我也探寻通过标准方面做了很多的努力。&br&暂且说说我的看法,虽然协会已经不公布MPS指标的确定方法了,但是毫无疑问全球最优秀的1%考生正确率的70%仍旧是最重要的一条。 &br&虽然有6A4B仍旧Fail的先例,但毕竟是极少数。5A4B1C通过考试的大有人在。 &br&关于道德部分的影响,协会官方网站已有明确说明,只有处在过于不过边缘的人,才会由道德部分的正确率来决定成绩是否合格,可以确认道德部分是没有绝对的一票否决权的。 &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~道德部分的复习心得~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&道德部分在整个成绩评价体系中的重要性不必多说,偏偏这么重要的东西又很难把握,付出和回报往往不成比例,地域、文化等因素带来中美价值观念、道德观念的差异,想要一下子完成转变实在不易,简单说说我的对策: &br&1.Notes的道德部分完全可以不看,直接看道德手册。尽量多看。 &br&2.充分发挥主观能动性,积极总结,在精读道德手册时,协会针对每一条准则都会给出解释,解释中会提到一些很有针对性的注意事项,一定不要放过,转换成自己容易接受的话(比如总是遵循最严苛的规定,又比如在保密原则下吐CFA协会的槽不违规)记录到本子上,到后期这个本子会发挥巨大的作用! &br&3.积极使用协会的道德标准和职业行为准则评判生活中碰到的事情(比如了解到CFA是形容词而不是名词这条规定之后,强迫自己不论在什么场合提到CFA的时候都用作形容词)。 &br&4.尽可能多做题,重视原版教材、Mock和Sample道德部分的题目。 &br&5.注意不同条款之间的联系和区别,比如Ⅲ(B)Fair Dealing公平交易和Ⅵ(B)Priority of transactions交易优先权,公平不是平等,没有绝对的平等只有相对的公平,前者规范不同客户之间的交易顺序选择问题,后者规范客户,受托公司,雇员之间的交易顺序。 &br&总之就是积极思辨,积极总结,积极应用~ &br&~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~日更新并完结~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~ &br&所有的结束都是开始!加油!
希望我的经验文能帮到你~ 这是我的CFA一级考试心得体会,经验总结。 其实这是人家的douban日记啦—& 不到5个月的时间!妥妥的全A!木哈哈~ 写在前面: 对我个人而言,这是一次全新的考试体验,考完之后我就觉得实在是…
CFA学习一定要有方向,不要太杂。&br&&br&关于每门的要点:&br&&br&1.数理方法(比重12%,难度B)&br&&br&一上来首先应该看这门,这章会详细说到计算器的用法,这样看后面几门也会方便些,这门注意下什么是MAD,CV,连续复利计算,critical value,p-value,两种假设检验的错误,4种抽样方法的不同,parametric tests 和unparametric tests,还有年金的计算就差不多了。不过要小心年金的计算,是不是先付年金等等,这边计算起来还是要格外小心的~~~我考试的时候感觉这部分是比较简单的,基本上1分钟1题,在刚刚结束道德的摧残后,做到这里感觉格外舒心~~哈哈&br&&br&2.经济学(比重10%,难度B-)&br&&br&个人认为是CFA1级里最简单的一门,可能在第一轮准备的时候并不觉得,不过真到最后就会发现,其它科目知识点虽然简单但是庞杂得很,只有这门,只要抓住精髓,考试的时候简直是轻松的很。这门需要注意:什么是MC,MB,MP,MRP,等各种M的东西,所有者和消费者surplus部分要认真理解下,何为资源分配的有效,各种事情对surplus,MC,MB的影响,对于各种曲线,分清楚长期和短期,公司和行业,线移动的因素,何处交点为最佳,何处交点最有效,何处是surplus,各种效应,D,MB,MR的关系,wage rate的准确含义,还有一个很重要的就是LAS,SAS和AD的影响因素(这点几乎是这门后半部分的精髓)~~~~我考试的时候这门写的最轻松写意,平均半分钟一题就画过去了~~~&br&&br&3.财务报表分析(比重20%,难度E)&br&&br&没悬念的,这部分是1级的重点也是难点,再怎么强调多多复习这部分也不为过&br&&br&主要知识点有:&br&&br&Session 7 主要讲的IFRS 和 U.S. GAAP在不同情况下的区别,还有各种statements的元素构成。&br&&br&Session 8 就是集中在Income statement, Balance Sheet, Cash flow statement 和 各种Ratio analysis。这一章节需要注意知识点是Revenue & Expense recognition, Basic and Dilute EPS, Goodwill; Trading, Holding to maturity and Available for sale securities, 然后cash flow statement中重点要会Direct & Indirect method, 以及两者之间的相互转化。Ratio analysis中需要注意ROE中Basic & Extended DuPont equation以及四大Ratio: Activity, Liquidity, Solvency and Profitability ratios。&br&&br&Session 9 这部分是个硬骨头,真的不好啃,知识点也是灰常灰常集中。&br&&br&ⅰ. Inventories这一小节中,需要懂得inventory valuation method 在IFRS和GAAP两种准则下的库存定价方式,然后是FIFO/LIFO对报表中四大ratio的影响,接下来就要熟练地将基于LIFO会计假设的报表数据转化成基于FIFO的情况,了解LIFO reserve 和 LIFO liquidation。&br&&br&ⅱ. Long-lived Assets中首先要了解Capitalization & Expense 对net income, stockholder’s equity, cash flow 以及对四大financial ratios的影响,然后就是software development and research & development,Depreciation method, Asset retirement obligation对ratios的影响。最后要注意的就是虚幻的goodwill了,Impairment of goodwill。&br&&br&ⅲ. Income Taxes, 这一部分重点是在各种情况下学会判定deferred tax asset 和 deferred tax liability。&br&&br&ⅳ. Long term Liability and leases这一小节是极度繁琐,首先公司发行premium and discount bond对各种ratios的影响,convertible debts and debts with warrants。在Lessee一方看来,operating和finance lease对各种财务数据的影响,然后,在lesser一方看来,sale-type and direct financing lease, operating lease对financial ratios和cash flows的影响。最后,off-balance-sheet financing,footnotes disclosures.&br&&br&尤其需要认真掌握注意的点有:&br&&br&各种计价方法,LIFO和FIFO,2个lease,资本化和费用化,回购和分股利,折旧和摊销,存货,无形资产,长期资产revaluation model,折旧方法,tax rate的变化,折价和溢价债券,funded status,几种改变现金流的方法,3种security的会计处理,GAAP和IFRS的区别,这些都是财报的重中之重,常常会把这些东西的变化和替换与财报上的科目和比率的变化联系起来,大家要注意哈~~&br&&br&4.公司金融(比重8%,难度C)&br&&br&相比我们南财金融专业大三学的那本《罗斯公司理财》,CFA1级的公司金融部分简直是小儿科,通篇就强调了个资本成本的问题,什么MM定理根本连影子都没找到,本门注意下在进行capital budgeting时什么是算的,什么是不算的,pro-forma financial statements在deficit和surplus两种情况下的处理方式,什么情况下IRR和NPV用的多~总之这门考得也很少,难度也有限&br&&br&5.投资组合管理(比重5%,难度C+)&br&&br&其实这门呢,个人觉得考试的时候还是蛮难的,知识点在我们南财金融专业大三学的《证券投资学》里几乎都谈到了,本身notes上讲的倒也不难,不过貌似做到sample,mock还有最后考试时还是蛮难的,可惜也就5%的比重,没什么大不了的啦~~这门重点就是CML和SML,另外就是sharp-ratio,M平方,关于Treynor measure和Jensen‘s alpha最好还是记一下它们的公式,虽然不好记,但狗血的是我这次考试竟然考到了,然后我果断蒙了一个。。。&br&&br&6.权益投资(比重10%,难度C+)&br&&br&注意什么是information efficient,allocation efficient,operationally efficient,ABS和ABM的不同,另外一大重点就是权益定价的几种方式,这个还是要好好看看的,此外,有效市场理论在我们学的《证券投资学》里也讲得差不多了,不难的~~&br&&br&7.固定收益证券(比重10%,难度C+)&br&&br&这部分是我最感兴趣的一门,每次做题做到这都超开心,哈哈~~这边考试的难度不好说,我记得我上午考的这部分很轻松,但到了下午就难了很多。。。这门还是有些饶人的,注意:赎回问题(call)的两种方法,yield curve和price-yield curve的区别,N种风险的区别以及影响因素(重点),MBS,MPS和CMO的掌握,各种收益率的计算也是这门的重中之重,注意收益率是不是默认的按一年的算,如果遇到半年的怎么和一年的进行转换,是spot还是forward,关于再投资风险的深刻理解,此外还有久期,不过不难~~&br&&br&8.衍生品投资(比重5%,难度D)&br&&br&这部分就是要理解具体该怎么结算(小心细节),如何提前结束合约,重点是期权部分,期权的定价不要求理解,但肯定要背得的,考试几乎必考~~&br&&br&9.其它类投资(比重5%,难度E)&br&&br&这部分真没啥好说的,就正常看看notes吧,考试的时候难起来看再多遍notes也不会做,不过才5%,所以没关系~~~~&br&&br&10.道德(比重15%,难度D)&br&&br&道德这部分啊,也是CFA的重点和难点了,而且每一级都要考,着实要命,据说有着道德不过50%正确率,其它部分再高不能过的“谣言”,总之除了财报,就该好好看看它了,道德一方面题目较长,对于英文不太好的同学来说是个小挑战,考试都是进行案例分析,问你这个是违反了准则还是没啊,是违反几条啊,违反哪条啊,所以,不管看不看道德手册。&br&&br&核心:你一定要能够分得清某件事是扯到了哪条准则,这个是做好道德的关键,如果光看notes不够就多看看道德手册上的案例,此外把每条准则都背得不失为一个稳妥的方法,以上的这些都是个人的一些看法如果您有更好的看法可以像我一样写下来分享给大家,手留留余香....
CFA学习一定要有方向,不要太杂。 关于每门的要点: 1.数理方法(比重12%,难度B) 一上来首先应该看这门,这章会详细说到计算器的用法,这样看后面几门也会方便些,这门注意下什么是MAD,CV,连续复利计算,critical value,p-value,两种假设检验的错误,…
在墨尔本找工这个事要是掰细了说 再加上道听途说,风言风语三天也说不完。 我就捡重要的说, 要是有啥遗漏的, 我再尽量回答。 没有在国内应聘过, 所以对国内的情况不了解&br&&br&&ul&&li&个人经历&br&&br&
登陆墨尔本半年,终于拿到第一份正式工作的offer。 Senior JAVA developer。 仅以这半年的点滴经验, 也算回报坛子里广大新老朋友的热心帮助和支持。&br&
5月登陆, 7月去tafe上课, 9月开始实习, 10月实习结束,和该公司签casual 零工合同继续, 11月底拿到另一家公司的正式工作offer。&br&&br&
tafe的课的全名是Certificate IV in EAL (Employment/Professional)
在悉尼好像是叫skillmax。 在墨尔本之前好像叫OQP(oversea qualified
professional)course。这个课强烈推荐, 它的帮助是多方面的, 从英文上, 心态上, 人际关系上, 文化融入上都会有帮助。
这个帖子分享的心得也有一大部分是从课上学到的。&br&&br&&a class=& wrap external& href=&///?target=http%3A//www.bhtafe.edu.au/courses/local/Pages/VE257.aspx& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Certificate IV in EAL (Employment/Professional) VE257&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&br&&/li&&li&影响求职的因素&br&&br&&ul&&li&本地工作经验&br&
这个应该是人人皆知的潜规则吧。 虽然明面上不好讲, 涉及到discrimination之类的。 但是还是有它的一定道理。 有本地经验的候选人,
大致英语不会太差, culture和communication的问题也不大, 如果技术上能过关的话, 中介雇主都放心省事。
但是作为新移民,
明显是没有本地经验的,
就要从两个方面处理这个问题。
首先在简历上, cover letter上, 面试中
都有明里暗里的为雇主打消这个顾虑。 IT工作的比较好说, 就是强调技术啊 管理啊 process啊全世界都一样, shall be no
tafe上课时老师给建筑业的伊朗哥们的建议就是通读澳洲建筑业的code
尽可能多的和已有的伊朗经历联系起来。
另一方面就是尽快拿到可以说出口的本地经验。
tafe的课程最后有6个星期的placement实习。
个人感觉, 我正式offer面试是的面试考官对这一部分很感兴趣, 应该加分不少。 volunteer, 和本职工作相关的, 哪怕牵强相关也可以。
到时面试时还不是看你怎么用词了。
至于labor工, 如果是非法的cash工就不要提了。
如果是正式的,
也是可以说的,
可以在communication, culture 方面加分,
也反映出你个人的积极向上的心态, 和对家庭的responsibility。&br&&br&&br&&/li&&li&communication & culture&br&
这一条的权重是比技术大的。 everything else being equal, 非要做选择的话,
雇主是会倾向于选沟通好的。
好在对于新移民来说这条也不难。 英语和culture就是个花时间的技术, 和天赋关系不大。
你看两三场footy你大概就懂规则了。 你每天24小时里 有10小时是英语的, communication
问题也就解决了。
主要是你能不能下这个决心。
tafe有个同学为了练听力, 有空就给买保险的打电话。 phone communication
也是找工作的一个重要环节。
如果你还是抱着非诚勿扰,
吃饭也是和华人扎堆, 听华语歌 华语电台, 看华语电影,
甚至搭讪都是搭华语妹子。
还要抱怨没法提高英语, 那我也只能呵呵了
&br&&br&&br&&/li&&li&技术&br&
这个大概是最简单的了, 只是注意根据市场需求更新一下自己技术列表。 同时注意一下各种专业用语的英文表达。 &br&&br&&br&&/li&&li&圈子(networking)&br&
这个是被忽视的一项, job opportunity 在hidden market 和明面上的比例大概是 5:1.
把工作机会放去seek或者报纸上是雇主的最后的无奈的选择。
更多是通过内部推荐,或者在收到的简历中找个合适的。
扩展圈子也是tafe里的一课,
以下是部分上课笔记。 &br&&br&&blockquote&Way to meet suitable people.&br&
Church, Children related activities and Club.&br&
Meetup activity, Forum,&br&
Facebook&br&
Linkedin - To complete 100% Profile to brand yourself better.
join career related groups and participate actively to grow network&br&
Industry organization and institute meeting and activities&br&
Volunteer job in career related domain&br&&br&&br&
What would be stopping you moving forward? -- Jill Noble&/blockquote&&br&&br&
一个很简单的关于你的networking小测试,
如果你在找工作, 你周围的人, 你的邻居, 知道你在找工作吗, 知道你擅长什么, 要找什么样的工作吗? &br&&br&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&&/li&&li&实际找工流程及注意事项&br&&br&
失败只有一种就是半途而废 -- 老罗&br&&br&&ul&&li& 有份没有语法, 重点突出, 格式正确的resume 和 cover letter。
这个tafe的课程会帮忙搞定。
如果有需求模板的同学可以私信我邮箱, 我可以把我的发一份。&/li&&li& 然后把时间分成三份。
一份用来投简历,&br&&a class=& wrap external& href=&///?target=http%3A//.au& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&SEEK - Australia's no. 1 jobs, employment, career and recruitment site&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&a href=&///?target=http%3A///& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&World's Largest Professional Network&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&&a href=&///?target=http%3A///& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&Job Search | one search. all jobs. Indeed&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&&br&
但是要区分是agency post position 还是雇主post position 。
如果是雇主的 要精心准备cover
letter 和resume, 按照Job description 的每一条都要包含并突出。
agency的话就可以随意点海投。&br&&/li&&li&第二份时间, 巩固个人技术。
这个见仁见智。 因为个人技术不是答主强项, 所以为了过技术面试, 还是恶补了一番。&/li&&li&第三份, networking: volunteer,cold call, conference, meetup, pub (如果你知道你的行业的人最喜欢去哪个酒吧的话)&/li&&li&面试, 只是所有环节的重中之重。 tafe的课程的帮助很大, 先是讲注意事项, 技巧, 题型, 然后提供两次和业界专业HR的模拟interview,
还会录像。 再根据每个人的表现, 做单独的提点。
对我的提醒有两句话: “Don't forget JD”, “Slow
就是说面试时每一句话 每个回答都要和JD(job description) 对应, 当然前提是你要把JD背熟。。
还有就是我的英语语速太快, 这个应该是我的个人缺点。 不过也可以理解,
你应该也不喜欢和一个中国话说的一般般,而且还有外语口音的外国人用超快的语速交流吧。
&br&&/li&&br&&li&referee: 在面试前后, 有可能要求提供1-3个referee。 到时和你的referee提前沟通好。大概这个职位的需求是什么,面试时的感觉如何, 需要referee帮你highlight什么地方。
不要让referee措手不及的接电话。&br&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&&/li&&/ul&&br&
最后附上自己准备的 经过老师批改的面试时可能会遇到的questions and answers&br&&br&&blockquote&Q1: tell me about yourself&br&&br&
(Match with Job AD requirement)&br&&br&
I completed my Bachelor degree of Computing in the National University
of ---. And I have -- years working experience in the IT industry,
mainly focusing on JAVA online system development, delivery and
maintenance.&br&
In my career to date, I have been involved in several Full Software
Development Life Cycles (SDLC) in both government and commercial
projects.&br&&br&
I have strong technical skills. I started my work as JAVA developer and
was promoted to Senior Developer -- ago. As a senior developer, Besides
the development task, I was also involved in guiding junior developer,
assisting project managers to handle projects.&br&&br&
In my spare time, I like to play badminton and go jogging. And also I
like to read and watch movies, not those romantics but more like the
sci-fi styles.
I migrated to Melbourne 3 months ago, and I would like
to continue my IT career here. I am very looking forward to learning
more about the position and thanks for the invitation for this
interview.&br&&br&
Q2: Where do you see yourself in 5 years future?&br&&br&
I think in 5 years, I would like to be well established with your
company. I would like to be very familiar with company processes,
structure, set up good relations with colleagues and develop my career
within the company.&br&&br&
Q3: What are your weakness?&br&&br&
Since I started my career as developer, I tended to focus too much on
the technical details and solutions when I faced a problem. However, in
the some situation,
the best solution or the most suitable solution may
not be a technical solution. and It might be better to solve some
problems by communication with users or discussion with team members.
became aware of this weakness, especially when I was promoted to senior
developer and started to handle stakeholders and requirements. So
Nowadays when the problem surfaced, instead of focusing only on the
technical aspects, I explore more about the problem.
what is the
root cause of the problem, what does the user really want?
what are the
other impacts or risks to make the change.
Instead of getting things
done quickly, I learned to do the right thing and to do the things
right.&br&&br&
Q4: Are you applying for any other positions:&br&&br&
Yes, I have applied for some other jobs. But I am interested in this one
the most. I found the requirements matched my skill set, my background
and experience. and I really glad to have this interview opportunity. I
would love to have the opportunity to contribute the growth of your
company.&br&&br&
Q5: Why would you migrate to Melbourne ?&br&&br&
I love the people, the culture and the life style here. In Melbourne, I
can also enjoy outdoor activities, like hiking which is not that easy to
access in Singapore.
and since the common practice and process in IT
industry in both Singapore and Australia, I hope to be able to apply my
work expertise into Australia easily. So I decided to migrate to
Melbourne to setup my family here and meanwhile I hope I can continue my
IT career here.&br&&br&
Q6: What is the biggest achievement ?&br&&br&
The biggest achievement in my career, I think, was an-- project for
online application submission and process.
The system was to allow the
global users to submit investment-applications online. and for
government agency side, the cases submitted would flow according to
business process. &br&&br&
The major challenge of the project was the tight schedule and shortage
of resources, as one of main team members had to leave the project and
go back to India due to some family emergencies. The manager decided to
invoke a vendor to help out with the resource issue. So besides my
development task, as senior developer,
I needed to manage and monitor
vendor progress, and communicate with users for clarification of
requirements. Meanwhile, I also needed to provide technical support for
junior developers from offshore. &br&&br&
To monitor the project progress closely, we occupied a meeting room as a
war room, and had an everyday agile stand up meeting.
It was a busy
and stressful 3 months.
but the result was good. I , together with my
teammates, managed to deliver the project on time.
And the customers
were happy with the result, and awarded my company the 2nd phase of
In recognition of the effort and success, my team was awarded
of Quality Of Difference prize in the annual company D&D meeting&br&&br&
Q7: Tell me about your skills as a team player.&br&&br&
I am a reliable person in a team.
I ensure all my task and assignment
are done correctly and consistently.
So my team members can trust my
work and are willing to work with me.
Also I am good at empathizing
with and sensing others' feelings. And I am a good listener. Teammates
are happy to approach me to discuss the difficulties and problems.
if I sense any teammates having any problems,
I also will initiate the
discussion to see whether I can help out.
So many teammates and I
became good friends after work.
and we are still in contact even after I
came to Melbourne.&br&&br&
Q8: What makes you think you are the right person for the job?
(similar with strengths)&br&&br&
I have--years working experience in IT online system development,
delivery and maintenance. In my previous positions, I was involved in
several --
projects and used several tools and frameworks similar to
the KITS system.
(Briefly mention, if already talked about it
previously In one of my previous project for Singapore Post Department,
we needed to build an online mail system to replace the physical snail
mail system in Singapore. It required extremely user-friendly and
interactive functions and UI in the web presentation layer. The
front-end was implemented with Web tools and technologies including
HTML5, CSS, Javascript, AJAX, jQuery.
JSON format message was used to
communicate between the presentation layer and business layer with REST
). Also I have an easy going inter personality. And I have
good communication skills and negotiation skills for project management
and stakeholder management.
All in all, I think I am a good fit for
this position and I am very interested in this position. I hope my
previous government project experience would utilize my expertise and
contribute to the KITS project.&br&&br&
Q9: Tell us about a time when you had to deal with a difficult colleague?&br&&br&
When I worked in a -- project, part of my job scope was to manage the
project delivery in phases.
I needed to prepare the package and
instruction of deployment, and pass them to the Operation team who were
doing the deployment actually.&br&&br&
One day, just a day before the deployment, one of the operation team
member called up and complained that the instruction had a mistake, and
she refused to perform the deployment.&br&&br&
My first instinct was to respond angrily on the phone, but I knew it was
not the best response to settle the conflict, so I tried to calm her
down, and promised to check on the procedure again and let her know
After the call, I checked the instructions again,
it was not a
mistake but a special step which was different from the previous usual
deployment.
I called her and explained it, and we agreed that for any
special deployment steps, I would put up special note beside the steps.
Also I invited her to have a lunch session sometime. During the lunch, I
found out that, she had another project deployment on the day, which
caused her a lot of stress.
She apologized for her bad mood on the
phone.&br&&br&
This built up a good rapport between us, and we cooperated very well in all the following project deliveries.&br&&br&&br&&br&
Give me a example of a time that you showed initiative and took the lead.&br&&br&
When I was in my previous job in -- , we had some problems to prepare
production deployment package when there were some concurrent changes on
the same piece of code.
So I initiated and pushed through a process
improvement for existing code control practice. The improvement was to
add a multi-branch feature to the current process.
I set up a trial
process as a POC (Proof of concept), then I prepared and distributed the
checkout and commit guidelines to all the developers and vendors. And I
also hosted a meeting with all parties to explain the detailed changes
for this improvement.
After the improvement process has been adapted,
the feedback was very positive as it provided better control of
concurrent development of the same piece of code, as well as simplified
production release management.&br&&br&&br&
Q11: Tell me about a time when you felt you were unable to meet your responsibilities.&br&&br&
I remember a time when I worked in a project for the Singapore Economic
Development Board. I joined the team in the middle of the project,
because one of the team member left the company for some
However, the project used a new technology (Adobe Livecycle
tools) which was quite different from that I had
worked with. I tried
to study the technology in my spare time, but I found that the learning
curve was a bit stiff, and it could have delayed the project. So I
approached my manager with this situation, together with 2 possible
solutions. One was to send me to the training course to acquire the
necessary skills, or to hire a vendor for this part of work, and I could
learn from the vendor during the project.
After the discussion, the
management fully understood the situation and was happy that I had
raised this potential issue that might have delayed the project.
end, a vendor with required skills was hired and the project completed
according the schedule. Meanwhile I learned the skill from vendor and
the skills were applied in the 2nd phase of the following projects.&br&&br&
Q12: Describe a time when you had to negotiate a
compromise or had to help others arrives at a compromise.&br&&br&
There was a time when I was in my previous job at -- , and there was a
user requirement to develop a new search function with a wild card
keyword. I was involved in the design and development for this charge.
However, I found that due to huge size of data,
the wild card search
would have impacted the system performance, and causing the slowness in
other functions. So I arranged a meeting with the users and explained
the impact of this changes.
I also proposed 2 possible solutions to
compromise this issue.
One was to change the wild card search to a
concise search, or we need some more search criteria to constrict the
search range. The user fully understood the situation, and they also
didn't want a change that would slow down the system performance. So
they agree to compromise to the first approach, which was to use concise
searching.
In the end, the change deployed the system without
impacting the system. The user was happy to use the search function as
it improved their work efficiency as well.&/blockquote&
在墨尔本找工这个事要是掰细了说 再加上道听途说,风言风语三天也说不完。 我就捡重要的说, 要是有啥遗漏的, 我再尽量回答。 没有在国内应聘过, 所以对国内的情况不了解 个人经历
登陆墨尔本半年,终于拿到第一份正式工作的offer。 Senior JAVA develop…
6.3更新求职技巧,在鸡汤下面,一不小心就写了这么多,根本停不下来。&br&跟你讲一讲我的故事。&br&几年前我是某211985的学生,大二结束时收到了澳洲某G8大学的offer,一旦出国就是选择放弃国内的本科学业,在澳大利亚这个陌生的国度重头再来。&br&当时的心情是兴奋的,因为一直以来我都想出国,而这个offer实现了我的梦想,我毫不犹豫的放弃了国内的学业,办理了休学,准备前往澳大利亚。&br&当时我的朋友的老师都十分惋惜,觉得太可惜了。&br&到了澳大利亚后,经历了一段时间的适应期,然后成功融入了留学生活,很开心,也认识了一群不错的朋友。唯一有点可惜的是,因为是重读本科,所以与国内的同届朋友比起来,我整整比他们晚了两年。&br&澳大利亚本科读的算不上累,成绩也够用,当我在澳洲读完大二时,纷纷听说国内朋友顺利本科毕业的消息,有的读了研,有的找到了工作。对于工作了的朋友,我有点羡慕,又有点惆怅,开始思考我毕业以后怎么办。&br&想了半天没想出什么结果,毕竟澳大利亚本科才过半,还有两年,且学且玩,过的轻松愉快。&br&等大四将近毕业,国内的朋友有的开始升职,有的研究生即将毕业开始着手找工作,目标都是世界五百强,谈论的都是面试技巧,SHL题目,程序,算法。而我那时懵懵懂懂的读着大四,看着他们讨论的东西,发觉听不懂,这才蓦然惊觉自己似乎起步有些晚了。&br&于是开始思考未来,着眼于澳洲,希望寻找一份澳大利亚的本地工作。&br&等毫无头绪的开始起步,这才发现自己错过了很多,澳洲重视本地经验,这边的学生一般大三的假期就申请到了三个月的大公司实习,有的干得好直接毕业就转为全职,没直接留下的也拥有一份不错的实习经验,为他们找毕业工作增色不少。&br&而我除了一份还算可以的成绩单,一个永居身份和一个荣誉学位,没有什么其他拿的出手的东西。&br&毕业后,周围的朋友们不少直接回国,留下来的少数找到了全职工作。大部分都在打零工,准备雅思,还有的选择读研读博。&br&毕业后有工作的,如果在鬼佬公司工作,则被我们奉为大牛。&br&当时朋友们的观点普遍都是澳大利亚工作难找,对口的专业工作更加困难,何况还是非英语母语的学生,找不到是正常的,那个XXX和OOO找了两三年,现在回国去了。&br&我那段时间非常自卑,觉得自己一无是处,沮丧,难受,觉得学校里学的东西和公司招聘的条件很难吻合,我甚至认为有可能一辈子找不到工作。&br&我选择了读研,但我心里知道这其实是我不敢面对现实的逃避举措,我不是想要读研,而是惧怕找不到工作成日无所事事。&br&开始读研之后我的心稍稍定了下来,然后开始钻研澳洲找全职工作的技巧,参加了不少career fair和career session,对于澳洲找工作有了初步的了解,然后开始着手申请工作。&br&申请工作的整个过程就是不断受到打击的过程,来自多方面的压力,国内的朋友一个个在雅虎谷歌阿里巴巴找到了工作,而我还在日复一日的重复投简历找工作的日子。&br&我那一阵子身体非常差劲,缺乏锻炼,饮食不规律,忙碌的快要发疯。我当时只有一个想法,不能放弃,任何公司给我的面试机会,我一定会投入200%的精力准备,我把master的学业暂时放一边,全副精力放在找工作上。&br&一开始我只敢投华人的公司,因为我觉得我英文水平很一般,如果是鬼佬公司,我肯定连面试都过不去,太丢脸了。&br&华人公司没有一家给我回复,我那段时间十分焦虑,敏感,不准任何人问我找工作的事。后来我去学校找career department的老师帮我修改简历,她鼓励我大胆去投鬼佬的公司,我说我对于自己的英语很不自信,她说你的英语完全没问题,你看,我能清楚的知道你表达什么。&br&她的话给了我巨大的鼓励,那段时间刚好是各大公司招聘毕业生的时间,我一咬牙开始投大公司的GP。这在以前我想都不敢想,因为在所有的澳洲中文论坛上,关于GP的论调都是“这几年澳洲就业率下滑,经济危机,就连本地人都抢破头,凭什么给你一个亚洲人”,“GP你想想就行了,能进去的概率2%~4%,几千几万人投一个岗位,最后只招个位数,你觉得你能拼得过土生土长的白人么”“就算你有PR又怎么样,你有本地工作经验吗?最后被选中的人大部分都是本地工作过的”&br&我陆陆续续投了不少GP,有的直接拒了,有的做完online test把我拒了,有的止步于video interview阶段。只有一家公司的GP,我每一轮面试都通过,一开始我只是抱着“体验大公司面试,反正也过不了”的心态去试试,等一路绿灯,到了最后的一轮,我开始渴望得到这份工作。我知道竞争对手都是很厉害的本地学生,但是既然我都走到了这一步,为何不去拼一把?&br&我花了大量时间准备最后的面试,把公司近几年的动态全部都研究了一遍,好好准备演讲,准备question的回答,准备答案的案例。&br&我非常非常幸运,我最终通过了,拿到了offer。&br&回想找工作的这一段历程,四个字总结:不要放弃。&br&不要看着身边回国的朋友一个一个升职加薪而动摇,不要摇摆不定,如果不破釜沉舟,总觉得自己还有退路,那么很有可能回到退路去。&br&题主,你现在有PR,有澳洲本地的学历,英语能够比较顺利的交流,最起码肯定比我好。&br&你已经比很多人强了,你有这样的优势,就去好好利用。&br&没有工作经验不要紧,最重要的是弄清楚自己的目标和就业方向,有针对性的投简历,抓住每一个机会。&br&我至今依然记得那个为我修改简历的老师对我说的一句话:“你是学生,公司不会期望你有很多经验,你已经很优秀了,你要相信自己。”&br&&br&==========================更新内容===============================&br&当然,我一个人只是小样本,无法代表全体留学生。总体来说留学生澳洲就业不容乐观,但是其中也有一部分负面心态影响了留学生就业。&br&比如很多朋友先入为主的觉得澳洲工作难找,找不到很正常,所以投简历时就随便投一投,既没有明确的就业方向,也不知道自己想干什么,拖拖拉拉几个月大半年,最后觉得澳洲工作果然难找。&br&还有的朋友拿到了PR,准备着手找工作,我鼓励他们投GP,他们的第一反应是“那个太难了,我就不想了,还是投投小公司吧”。其实那个朋友比我优秀,但是因为先入为主的心态,觉得不可能,所以连试一试的机会都放弃了。&br&至于澳洲的职业发展之类的,我一个准职场新人没资格评论,只能先走好现在的路。&br&============================6月3日更新==================================&br&按之前说的来更新求职技巧了。&br&更新前说几句题外话:&br&很多评论说的很对啊,如果你决定呆在澳洲,不要轻信澳洲华人论坛上某些关于求职的基调。&br&1. 当你没PR时心中迷茫发帖求问,底下水一溜儿“没PR什么都干不了趁早回国”的论调&br&2. 等你有了PR想找全职发帖求问,底下水一溜儿“有RP没用,没本地经验什么都干不了趁早回国”的论调&br&3. 等你有RP有本地经验找到了全职发个帖,底下水一溜儿“LZ你是大牛,但你看看普通学生有几个能像你这样的”,“运气也是实力的一种,你有这么好的运气,我们未必就有,你的成功不可复制”&br&这种东西看多了,就开始自我怀疑,开始不断催眠自己。没错,澳洲工作不好找,特别是第一份工作。逐渐产生“澳洲工作难找,所以找不到不是我的错”这种心态,一旦此心态形成,那真找不到了。&br&好的,鸡汤灌完了,现在开始上勺子,至于是不锈钢勺还是塑料勺,见仁见智。&br&首先说一句,所谓的求职技巧只是我个人经历,&b&仅限&/b&&b&前期的求职准备,以及&/b&&b&澳洲各大公司为毕业生提供的GP(graduate program),&/b&所有内容&b&仅供参考&/b&。&br&&br&&br&&b&1. 前期准备&/b&&br&&b&利用学校的资源,利用学校的资源,利用学校的资源!&/b&重要的事要说三遍。&br&即使你已经毕业,你依然有机会利用学校提供的各种资源。比如据我所知澳洲很多学校的career center都会为毕业一年内的学生免费提供各种服务,待遇与在校生没有差别。&br&大部分学校都会开设各种免费的career presentation,告诉你如何写简历,如何写cover letter,如何interview。同时,学校也会在内部的career网站上给学生简历模板,tips,还会提供免费为你修改简历的服务, 还有的学校免费提供学生一个小时的一对一就业咨询,模拟面试,这样好的免费资源不利用起来都说不过去。&br&另外,有些企业会给关系好的学校一些内部的招聘消息,学校得到之后会向对应院系的全体学生发邮件告知这种消息,这样的机会千万抓住了!这样的招聘信息本身发放的人群就少,而且又是面向学生,很有可能只有你这个院系的学生才知道,大大减少竞争的人数。&br&遥想我第一个面试就是收到学校内部邮件,告之某挖矿的大公司想要女性graduate engineer,我试着回邮件说我有兴趣并且附上了简历,结果下一周周五人家就打电话面试了。可惜的是第一次面试毫无准备,于是惨败。&br&嗯,接着说。&br&国内各大高校每年都有校招,澳洲各大高校每年年初开学也会组织career fair,许多公司都会派代表前来宣传他们的GP,和实习项目。当然,澳洲这边不会让你当场报名给简历什么的,他们只会给你资料,让你按照资料上的网站进行网申。你在career fair上能做的就是去和你感兴趣的公司代表聊天,了解你想要知道的公司的信息,然后拿一堆资料回家好好研究。&br&不仅仅是学校内部的career fair,澳洲各个城市也会开办career fair,面向所有学校学生。&br&澳洲这边networking十分重要,很多工作都是通过朋友介绍或者内推得到,我对此有所耳闻,但并未试过,所以暂且略过。(千万不要觉得没有朋友介绍或者内推就找不到工作了)&br&据说LinkedIn也是一大利器,可以用来勾搭HR以及获取内推机会,没涉猎,略过。&br&&br&&b&接下来谈谈打工&/b&&br&学生时期有实习的确对于以后工作有十分大的帮助,我指的实习不是去华人餐馆当侍应生或者厨房帮工,那种给的钱低不说,连口语都提高不了。抱着体验生活的想法去打工一阵子没问题,但如果想要缓解经济状况,或者获取实习经历,还是去找正规的工打吧。&br&比如Officework, Target, Kmart, Woolworth, Coles, Big W,麦当劳,肯德基之类的零售业的兼职(但据说他们喜欢未成年的学生,工资可以发少一些),或者学校内部career的网站会定期发布一些招聘,里面有不少兼职岗位,比如学校哪栋大楼G层的某家Cafe招服务生之类的,那些兼职很多不要求PR和身份,所以尽管大胆的去试一试。&br&幸运的话可以通过学校网站找到一个和专业相关的兼职。&br&找兼职关键在于不要怕,千万别怂,特别是零售业兼职。很多留学生觉得来澳时间不久,英语不好,不敢去应聘鬼佬的兼职,只敢在某忆网的招聘板块找8刀/hr的黑工,被某些黑心华人老板坑的一脸血。&br&零售业兼职本身对于语言要求就不高,特别是当服务生,点个餐上个菜,来来去去几句话,又不是要做半小时的presentation,所以大胆去试。&br&&br&暂且写这么多,过一阵子po申请工作的一些个人经验。
6.3更新求职技巧,在鸡汤下面,一不小心就写了这么多,根本停不下来。 跟你讲一讲我的故事。 几年前我是某211985的学生,大二结束时收到了澳洲某G8大学的offer,一旦出国就是选择放弃国内的本科学业,在澳大利亚这个陌生的国度重头再来。 当时的心情是兴奋…
我来说说几个典型的日式的炸鸡。&br&&b&第一种,最典型的,から揚げ?唐揚げ(日式炸鸡块)&/b&&br&&img src=&/3dcdda93ead7681d4eec6_b.jpg& data-rawwidth=&500& data-rawheight=&333& class=&origin_image zh-lightbox-thumb& width=&500& data-original=&/3dcdda93ead7681d4eec6_r.jpg&&(图片来源网络)&br&WIKI上对から揚げ的说明是&br&&blockquote&食材に下味をつけ、&a href=&///?target=http%3A//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E5%25B0%258F%25E9%25BA%25A6%25E7%25B2%2589& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&小麦粉&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&や&a href=&///?target=http%3A//ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E7%E6%25A0%%25B2%2589& class=& wrap external& target=&_blank& rel=&nofollow noreferrer&&片栗粉&i class=&icon-external&&&/i&&/a&またはプレミックス(調整粉)のから揚げ粉などを薄くまぶして油で揚げたものである。&/blockquote&将食物腌渍入味,之后薄薄地裹上加入面粉/淀粉或者混合粉类下锅炸制的东西。&br&日式炸鸡块一般用来下酒,或者放在便当里。有人喜欢拿蛋黄酱或者千岛酱或者塔塔酱蘸食。&br&&br&*上面裹的那层日语里叫“衣”,唐揚げ的衣跟天妇罗的衣是不一样的,有些人会弄混。&br&&br&&b&主料:&/b&&br&鸡腿肉&br&&b&辅料:&/b&&br&大蒜两瓣&br&姜一小块&br&酱油&br&盐&br&糖&br&清酒/日式料酒(可以用低度白酒或者国内的料酒代替)&br&辣椒粉/黑胡椒粉/白胡椒粉(可任选)&br&&br&当然还要准备低筋面粉/淀粉,或者两个都准备。&br&&br&鸡肉最好使用鸡腿肉,切成大约4cm见方的块状。&br&大蒜和姜磨成茸,跟酱油、酒和其他调味料混合,然后一点一点洒水,用手不断揉搓,把水揉进去,加水加到揉不进水为止。腌制至少20分钟。&br&&b&下面是分歧点:&/b&&br&1、粉类不用调开,直接裹在鸡肉上下锅炸&br&2、粉类用水调到一定浓稠度,裹在鸡肉上下锅炸&br&第一种做出来的外壳比较有颗粒感,第二种是现在大多数居酒屋、食堂里用的方法,能更好地裹住鸡肉里的水分,炸出更鲜嫩多汁的鸡肉。&br&&u&当然,还有一种原因是可以裹厚一点让它看起来更大……&/u&&br&*因为大多数时间午饭是在学校食堂吃的,而我们学校食堂就没几个菜……所以不是冷冻半成品而是现炸的唐揚げ就特别受欢迎,导致我和我朋友都比较喜欢吃第二种做法的唐揚げ……另外我做的时候面粉和淀粉的比例大约是1:2,。&br&&br&锅里放油,油温大约1

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