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GMAT阅读讲义“物种灭绝”深度分析2
作者：广州新东方学校
　阅读建议：
　　1）建议读者先按自己的节奏阅读文章并做完题目，再看文章分析及题目讲解。
　　文章及题目：
　　According to a theory advanced by researcher Paul Martin，the wave of species extinctions that occurred in North America about 11,000 years ago，at the end of the Pleistocene era，can be directly attributed to the arrival of humans，i.e.，the Paleoindians， who were ancestors of modern Native Americans. However，anthropologist Shepard Krech points out that large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them.Nor were extinctions confined to large animals： small animals，plants，and insects disappeared，presumably not all through human consumption.Krech also contradicts Martin's exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene. Still，Krech attributes secondary if not primary responsibility for the extinctions to the Paleoindians，arguing that humans have produced local extinctions elsewhere.But，according to historian Richard White，even the attribution of secondary responsibility may not be supported by the evidence. White observes that Martin's thesis depends on coinciding dates for the arrival of humans and the decline of large animal species，and Krech，though aware that the dates are controversial，does not challenge them；yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
　　1. Which of the following is true about Martin's theory，as that theory is described in the passage？
　　(A) It assumes that the Paleoindians were primarily dependent on hunting for survival.
　　(B) It denies that the Pleistocene species extinctions were caused by climate change.
　　(C) It uses as evidence the fact that humans have produced local extinctions in other situations.
　　(D) It attempts to address the controversy over the date of human arrival in North America.
　　(E) It admits the possibility that factors other than the arrival of humans played a role in the Pleistocene extinctions.
　　2. Which of the following， if true， would most weaken Krech's objections to Martin's theory？
　　(A) Further studies showing that the climatic change that occurred at the end of the Pleistocene era was even more severe and widespread than was previously believed
　　(B) New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals， plants， and insects that became extinct
　　(C) Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
　　(D) Researchers' discoveries that many more species became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene era than was previously believed
　　(E) New discoveries establishing that both the arrival of humans in North America and the wave of Pleistocene extinctions took place much earlier than 11，000 years ago
　　3. In the last sentence of the passage， the author refers to “recent archaeological discoveries” (lines 27-30) most probably in order to
　　(A) Refute White's suggestion that neither Martin nor Krech adequately account for Paleoindians' contributions to the Pleistocene extinctions
　　(B) Cast doubt on the possibility that a more definitive theory regarding the causes of the Pleistocene extinctions may be forthcoming
　　(C) Suggest that Martin's， Krech's， and White's theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions are all open to question
　　(D) Call attention to the most controversial aspect of all the current theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions
　　(E) Provide support for White's questioning of both Martin's and Krech's positions regarding the role of Paleoindians in the Pleistocene extinctions
　　1.文章初读：（只读各段首句）
　　第一段首句：
　　According to a theory advanced by researcher Paul Martin，the wave of species extinctions that occurred in North America about 11，000 years ago，at the end of the Pleistocene era， can be directly attributed to the arrival of humans，i.e.，the Paleoindians， who were ancestors of modern Native Americans.
　　翻译：根据由研究者Paul Martin发展的一项理论，发生在大约11000年前更新世末期的北美洲的物种灭绝潮，可以直接归因于人类的到来，比如说Paleoindians，现代土著美国人的祖先。
　　2.文章精读（精读各句，把握逻辑关系）
　　（标记重要逻辑关系词及态度评价词）
　　According to a theory advanced by researcher Paul Martin，the wave of species extinctions that occurred in North America about 11,000 years ago，at the end of the Pleistocene era，can be directly attributed to the arrival of humans，i.e.，the Paleoindians， who were ancestors of modern Native Americans. However，anthropologist Shepard Krech points out that large animal species vanished even in areas where there is no evidence to demonstrate that Paleoindians hunted them.Nor were extinctions confined to large animals： small animals，plants，and insects disappeared，presumably not all through human consumption.
　　Krech also contradicts Martin's exclusion of climatic change as an explanation by asserting that widespread climatic change did indeed occur at the end of the Pleistocene. Still，Krech attributes secondary if not primary responsibility for the extinctions to the Paleoindians，arguing that humans have produced local extinctions elsewhere.
　　But，according to historian Richard White，even the attribution of secondary responsibility may not be supported by the evidence. White observes that
　　Martin's thesis depends on coinciding dates for the arrival of humans and the decline of large animal species，and Krech，though aware that the dates are controversial，does not challenge them；yet recent archaeological discoveries are providing evidence that the date of human arrival was much earlier than 11,000 years ago.
　　翻译：
　　根据由研究者Paul Martin发展的一项理论，发生在大约11000年前更新世末期的北美洲的物种灭绝潮，可以直接归因于人类的到来，比如说Paleoindians，现代土著美国人的祖先。然而，人类学家Shepard Krech指出大型动物物种甚至在那些没有证据表明Paleoindians捕杀它们的地区也消失了。灭绝也不仅限于大型动物：小型动物、植物和昆虫都消失了，推测不全是由于人类的捕食。通过指出在更新世末期的确发生了广泛的气候变化，Krech也反驳了Martin把气候变化作为一种解释排除在外的做法。不过Krech仍然将Paleoindians的到来作为灭绝潮的第二原因，如果不能作为首要原因的话，他认为人类在其他地方造成了当地物种的灭绝。但是，在历史学家Richard White看来，即便将Paleoindians的到来归于第二责任可能也无法得到证据支持。White观察到Martin的论点基于人类到来和大型动物物种数量下降发生的时间一致，而Krech，尽管意识到这个时间是有争议的，并未对其提出挑战；但是近期的考古学发现提供证据表明人类到来的时间远早于11000年前。
　　读完文章后，可做如下笔记，整理各句大意及句间关系：
　　·Human arrival=extinction
　　·Not climate change
　　However， SK：
　　·No human=extinction (M ○-& )
　　·Nor， small extinction (M ○- )
　　·Climate change ○+ (M ○- )
　　·Human ○+ ○-
　　But， RW：
　　·Human ○-
　　·M ○- ， K ○-
　　·∵human arrived early
　　3.做题：
　　1. Which of the following is true about Martin's theory， as that theory is described in the passage？
　　(A) It assumes that the Paleoindians were primarily dependent on hunting for survival.
　　(B) It denies that the Pleistocene species extinctions were caused by climate change.
　　(C) It uses as evidence the fact that humans have produced local extinctions in other situations.
　　(D) It attempts to address the controversy over the date of human arrival in North
　　America.
　　(E) It admits the possibility that factors other than the arrival of humans played a role in the Pleistocene extinctions.
　　1）无定位信息题：正确答案为(B)。做无定位信息题，要首选采用排除法：根据全文大意，去排除有明显硬伤的错误选项。
　　2)错项分析：
　　(A)： 无中生有：原文提到了Paleoindians捕食大型动物，并没有说主要依靠捕猎存活
　　(C)： 混淆文义：C项所说为Krech而非Martin的观点提供了证据
　　(D)： 张冠李戴：试图解决人类到达北美争议的是Richard White而不是PW
　　(E)： 与原文相反：原文Martin只考虑Paleoindians的到来是原因，把气候变化都排除在解释之外，并未考虑其他可能的解释。
　　2. Which of the following， if true， would most weaken Krech's objections to Martin's theory？
　　(A) Further studies showing that the climatic change that occurred at the end of the
　　Pleistocene era was even more severe and widespread than was previously believed
　　(B) New discoveries indicating that Paleoindians made use of the small animals， plants， and insects that became extinct
　　(C) Additional evidence indicating that widespread climatic change occurred not only at the end of the Pleistocene era but also in previous and subsequent eras
　　(D) Researchers' discoveries that many more species became extinct in North America at the end of the Pleistocene era than was previously believed
　　(E) New discoveries establishing that both the arrival of humans in North America and the wave of Pleistocene extinctions took place much earlier than 11，000 years ago
　　1）逻辑题（削弱题）：正确答案为（B）。GMAT阅读中的逻辑题考察的一定是因果关系，正确答案中一定出现原因的反方向。根据原文，Krech对Martin理论的反驳集中在两点：Paleoindians对物种灭绝潮的作用和气候变化对物种灭绝的影响。
　　果1： Species extinctions cannot be directly attributed to the arrival of humans.
　　因1： Large animal species vanished even in areas where……
　　Nor were extinctions… large animals： small animal…through human consumption.
　　果2： Krech contradicts Martin's exclusion of climatic change as an explanation
　　因2： Widespread climatic change did occur at the end of the Pleistocene.
　　正确答案应该包含因1或者因2的反面，需要注意的是，climatic change这个表达存在奇异，因为change可以向好的方向发展，也可以向不好的方向发展，因此如果因1和因2的反面在选项中都出现，优先选择因1的反面。
　　2）错项分析：
　　(A)项加强而不是削弱了Krech的反对，(D)(E)属于无关选项
　　3. In the last sentence of the passage， the author refers to “recent archaeological discoveries” (lines 27-30) most probably in order to
　　(A) Refute White's suggestion that neither Martin nor Krech adequately account for Paleoindians' contributions to the Pleistocene extinctions
　　(B) Cast doubt on the possibility that a more definitive theory regarding the causes of the Pleistocene extinctions may be forthcoming
　　(C) Suggest that Martin's， Krech's， and White's theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions are all open to question
　　(D) Call attention to the most controversial aspect of all the current theories regarding the Pleistocene extinctions
　　(E) Provide support for White's questioning of both Martin's and Krech's positions regarding the role of Paleoindians in the Pleistocene extinctions
　　1）手段目的题：正确答案为(E)。“recent archaeological discoveries”之前的那个分句写White表达对Martin和Krech的质疑，于是紧接着举出最近的研究发现以证明White的这种质疑是有据可循的。
　　2）错项分析：
　　(A)&与原文相反：这句话是作为证据支持RW对SK和PM的反驳
　　(B)&无中生有：对于在将来是否会出现更权威的关于P时期物种灭绝的解释，文章没有讨论，关于这种更权威解释出现的可能性就更加属于无中生有
　　(C)&与原文相反：这句话作为证据的确说明SK和PM的观点有问题，但是这项证据是支持RW的观点的
　　(D)&无中生有：这句话的作用是作为证据支持RW的观点，而不是关注目前对于P时期物种灭绝原因的最具争议的方面，至少RW的观点在文章中没有体现出有争议的地方
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She had a sort of breakdown some years ago, and since then she has been very shy...
几年前她得了神经衰弱，自那以后就变得十分腼腆。
(表示某事件或情况从过去某时间或某个事件之后一直发生)自…以来,在…之后
You use since to mention a time or event in the past when you are describing an event or situation that has happened after that time.
The percentage increase in reported crime in England and Wales this year is the highest since the war...
今年英格兰和威尔士报道的犯罪增长率是战后以来最高的。
He turned out to have more battles with the Congress than any president since Andrew Johnson.
结果他是自安德鲁·约翰逊以来和国会斗争最多的一任总统。
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When you are talking about an event or situation in the past, you use since to indicate that another event happened at some point later in time.
About six thousand people were arrested, several hundred of whom have since been released...
约 6,000 人被捕，后来其中的几百人又被释放了。
His style of leadership has attracted increasing criticism among his supporters, many of whom have since left Central Office.
他的领导风格已经在他的拥趸中引起了越来越多的批评，很多人后来离开了总局。
If you say that something has long since happened, you mean that it happened a long time ago.
Even though her parents have long since died, she still talks about them in the present tense.
尽管双亲早已离世，她谈论起他们时好像他们至今健在。
CONJ-SUBORD
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You use since to introduce reasons or explanations.
I'm forever on a diet, since I put on weight easily...
我永远都在减肥，因为我很容易长胖。
Since she did not make enough money to live in her own house, she went back to live with her mother.
她挣的钱不够自己一个人住，于是搬回去和她妈妈一起住了。
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创建新的生词本
i该生词本已经创建啦!
i不可以出现中文，英文，数字之外的符号哒!
i生词本名称长度不能大于24字符!
i请填写生词本名称!国际上的原油是以“桶”为计价的，那么一桶原油相当于多少升呢？
由于在石油上美国先入为主，国际上原油的“桶”按美加仑为计价单位。
∵1桶（bbl）= 42美加仑（gal）
1美加仑（gal）= 3.785升（1）
∴1桶（bbl）= 159 升（1）
∵体积与重量单位之间的换算必须引入密度p ， 换算关系为：
重量 = 体积 × 密度
而不同油品的密度p 分别为：
大庆混合原油 0.8602 阿曼原油 0.8498 沙特原油 0.7972
车用汽油 0.725 航空煤油 0.775 轻柴油 0.825
∴1桶大庆混合原油 = 159×0.8602 = 136.77 kg
1桶车用汽油 = 159×0.725 = 115.28 kg
1桶航空煤油 = 159×0.775 = 123.23 kg
1桶轻柴油 = 159×0.825 = 131.18 kg
其他答案（共1个回答）
每桶为42美制加仑石油的常用衡量单位“桶”为一个容量单位，每桶为42美制加仑，美制1加仑=3.785升，具体一桶为159升。
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柴油密度：
在标准状态下，气温22O°C。 气压：100kPa。
柴油密度：0.830g/mL 所以一吨柴油即1000千克换算成升就是ml,...
你是说一桶原油能产多少汽油之类把？
这个根据不同地区的原油是有不同比例的。原油的高分子链在精炼过程中给CRACK成低分子链的产品，比如汽油柴油燃油等等。一般来说...
国际间在计算石油产供销时主要采用两种方法：一种是按容积计算，用桶或升表示；另一种是按重量计算，用吨表示。国际上计算石油的年产量、消费量等习惯用吨，而计算石油的日...
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