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倒装和分割结构 为了强调句子的某些部分，或是为了保持句子平衡，英语中常常使用 倒装。大体说来，倒装可以分为主谓倒装和非主谓倒装。主谓倒装里 又分为完全倒装和部分倒装。在翻译的时候，既可以按照主谓语的顺 序翻译， 也可以按照字面意思翻译。 非主谓倒装只是将强调部分前置， 以保持句子平衡或是起强调作用。 翻译时可以采用顺序译法或是倒序 译法。 1. For example, they do not compensate for social inequality, and thus do not tell how able an underprivileged youngster might have been had he grown up under more favorablecircumstances. 分析：本句中 had he grown up under more favorable circumstances 属于部分倒装。正常语序为： if he had grown up under more favorable circumstances 。在正式文体中，可以将虚拟条件句中的 if 省略，并将助动词提前。 译文：例如，它们（指测试）并不弥补社会的不公，因此不能说明一 个贫困青年，要是在比较有利的境况下长大，会有多大才 干。 2. Nonstop waves of immigrants played a role, too and so did bigger crops of babies as yesterday’s “baby boom” generation reached its child-bearing years. 分析：该句中 so did bigger crops of babies 属于语法倒装。用 so来代替前述肯定句谓语部分所说情况。 译文：不间断的移民浪潮也起了作用 ―― 而且随着昔日在 “ 生育 高峰期 ” 出生的一代人达到生育年龄，婴儿的出生数量增加了，这 同样起了作用。 3. Much as I have traveled, I have never seen anyone to equal her in thoroughness, whatever the job. 分析：该句的 Much as I have traveled 是一个由 as 引导的让步 状语从句。相当于 though I have traveled much ，但语气要比后 者强。这种结构要求部分倒装。 译文：我虽然见多识广，但还从未见过比她细心的人，不管什么职 业。 4. Only when you have acquired a good knowledge of grammar can you write correctly. 分析：相信大家对这种结构都不陌生。 Only 后加副词、介词、状语 从句时要用部分倒装。 但是要注意的是， 如果 only 修饰的不是状语， 则不用倒装。 译文：只有很好地掌握了语法知识，写出来的东西才会正 确。 5. Nowhere do 1980 census statistics dramatize more the American West . 分析：当句首是否定副词或含有否定词的词语时，一般要部分倒 search for spacious living than in the Far装。 译文： 1980 年哪里的人口普查统计资料也不如远西地区的更能生动 地说明美国人对宽敞的生活环境的追求。 6. Hardly had he began to speak when the audience interrupted him. 分析： hardly?when 的结构表示 “ 刚 ? 就 ?” 。含有这种结 构的句子常将 hardly 置于句首，而采用部分倒装的语序。此外， hardly 分句中一般采用过去完成时，而 when （或 before ）分句 中使用过去时。还有，与 hardly ? when ? 结构类似的用法还有 barely (scarcely)?when? 译文：他刚开始讲，听众就打断了他的话。 7. To such length did she go in rehearsal that two actors walked out. 分析： such?that 结构可将 such 或含有 such 的词组放在句首， 使全句采用部分倒装。 构。 译文：她在排演中搞得太过分，以致两名男演员退出不干了。 8. Certain it is that all essential processes of plant growth and development occur in water. 分析： 本句为表语前置， 表示强调。 正常语序应为： It is certain that? 。 译文：植物发育生长的全部基本过程当然是在水中发生的。 与此用法类似的还有 so ? that 结9. We rally should not resent being called paupers. Paupers we are, and paupers we shall remain. 分析：这两句话是为了使上下文紧密衔接，从而将第二个并列分句的 表语前置。 译文：我们确实不应因为被称作穷光蛋而愤愤不平。我们的确是穷光 蛋，而且还会继续是穷光蛋。 10. Then, down the crowed thoroughfare comes the University of Cambridge ’s most distinctive vehicle, bearing its most distinguished citizen. 分析： 正常语序应为： The vehicle came down the thoroughfare 。 为使语言生动形象，文学作品中常用这类倒装。在翻译时要尽量翻译 出原句的语言效果。这里 bear=carry 。 译文：从拥挤的街道上驶来了一辆剑桥大学最有特色的车，车上坐着 学校最著名的人物。 语法关系密切的两个句子成分被其他句子成分分隔的现象称为分割 结构。英语中，分割结构的类型是多种多样的。例如，英语句子的主 语和谓语一般都紧密相联，它们之间很少插入介词等比较长的结构。 但是，在有些情况下，或是为了保持句子的平衡，避免头重脚轻；或 是为了语义严密，结构紧凑，在主语和谓语之间有时也会插入其他成 分。此外，还有定语（或定语从句）与其中心词被分隔；某些词语与 其所要求的介词被分隔；动词与其宾语被分隔；介词与其宾语被分隔 等等。总之，英语的分割应遵循尾重原则（应把长而复杂的成分放在句末，使结构匀称）和句尾信息焦点原则（把新信息，即语意重点放 在句末） 。同时，在阅读时要注意找出原来属于一个整体部分的意 义。 1. Most novelists and historians writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all, fell under Turner’s spell. 分析：本句的主干结构是： Most novelists and historians?fell under Turner’ s spell. Turner 是美国历史学家。 under a spell ： 被迷住，着迷。 writing in the early to mid-twentieth century who considered women in the West, when they considered women at all 修饰主语，起分割主谓的作用。而其中的状语从句 when they considered women at all 是定语从句 who considered women in the West 中的状语成分。 译文： 从本世纪初到本世纪中叶从事写作的小说家和历史学家只要描 写妇女，就会描述西部妇女，而且都被特纳迷住。 2. Abraham Lincoln is the most famous instance of the claim that Americans often made that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position. 分析： the claim 和其同位语 that in their country a man may rise from the lowest to the highest position 被 the claim 的定语 从句 that Americans often made 分割。同位语从句在翻译时可按 照顺序翻译，将其翻译为分句。译文：美国人常认为，在他们国家，一个人的地位可以从社会最底层 上升到社会最上层，亚伯拉罕 ? 林肯就是极好的例子。 3. In the last eight years there were difficult, almost non-stop negotiations and reported threats of failure, ultimately overcome by a combination of creative compromise and stubborn determination ― indeed, determination―to succeed. 分析：本句的主干结构是： ? there were negotiations and ? threats of failure 。 “overcome by?” 是过去分词短语，修饰 threats of failure 。 stubborn determination 和其定语动词不 定式 “to succeed” 被 “indeed, some call it unprecedented determination” 分割。 译文：在最后的八年里，进行了艰苦卓绝的、几乎是不间断的谈判， 其间屡经失败之虞， 但最终通过创造性的协调和要取得成功的顽强决 心 ―― 确实有人称之为前所未有的决心 ―― 而渡过难关， 取得了 胜利。 4. The discovery of surplus value suddenly threw light on the problem, in trying to solve which all previous investigations, of both bourgeois economists and social critics, had been groping in the dark. 分析： in trying to solve 插在 the problem 和定语从句 which? 之间，起到承上启下的作用。 of both bourgeois economists and some call it unprecedentedsocial critics 为 investigations 的 后 置 定 语 ， 起 到 分 割 作 用。 译文：由于剩余价值的发现，使问题明朗化了。而先前，无论资产阶 级经济学家还是社会批评家所从事的一切研究都只是在黑暗中摸 索。 5. A better knowledge of China ’s civilization would lay open to us an empire of learning, hitherto fabulouslydescribed. 分析： lay open 和 an empire of learning 被介词短语 to us 分 割。 本句选自英国前首相撒切尔夫人 1982 年在中国欢迎宴会上的讲 话。翻译时要注意转译的应用。如把 “better” 译为副词 “ 更好 地 ” 。 译文：更好地了解中国的文明，将为我们打开一个知识的王国，对这 个王国迄今只有神话般的描述。 6. It is the insistence, as a first consideration, upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States ― a recognition of the old and permanently important manifestation of the American spirit of the pioneer. 分析： insistence 后接 upon the interdependence of the various elements in, and parts of, the United States, 中间被插入语 as a first consideration 分割，做进一步说明。该句选自美国前总统罗斯福在 1933 年的就职演说。汉语中动词用得较多，翻译时可把名 词转译为动词。 译文：我们首先应考虑的是，坚持美国国内各种因素之间、各个部分 之间的相互依赖关系 ―― 即承认体现传统的和永远重要的美国开 拓精神。 7. Old Henry and his wife Phoebe were as fond of each other as it is possible for two old people to be who have nothing else in this life to be fond of. 分析：连词 as 引导的比较状语从句中， it 代替 for two old people to be 。 to be 后省略了 fond of each other 。 to be 做 分割成分。 译文：象两位老人一生中没有其他什么东西可爱而彼此相爱一样，老 亨利和他的妻子芬比也互相爱慕。 8. As they grow old, people also accumulate belongings for two other reasons: lack of physical and mental energy ― both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away ― and sentiment. 分析：该句包含了并列结构被分割的情况。 lack of physical and mental energy 和 sentiment 是并列结构，作 two other reasons 的同位语。但是被非限定性定语从句 both of which are essential in turning out and throwing away 分割。 译文：人们随着日趋年迈，积存物品还有其他两个原因：一是缺乏体力和精神，两者在清理和扔掉无用之物时不可或缺，二是感情上的原 因。 9. Those who believe in capital punishment may have arguments for its retention, but surely no reasonable argument can be found for retention of the sickening mumbo-jumbo thataccompanies it from the moment that the judge dons the black cap with what looks like a pen-wiper balanced on the top of his wig, to the reading of the burial service over the condemned man before he is dead. 英语翻译与写作常用动宾词组 一、政治类： 把?捐给慈善机构 donate ?to charities 把?看成社会公敌 look upon ? as a threat to society 把?列为基本国策 list?..as fundamental national policies 把?作为指导 take? as the guide 把理论和实际结合起来 integrate theory with practice ? 把握大局 grasp the overall situation 摆脱贫穷落后 get rid of poverty and backwardness 保 护 妇 女 权 利 不受 侵 犯 guarantee (protect) women ’ s rights against infringement 采取各种措施 adopt various measures 参政、议政 participate in the management of State affairs充满信心和力量 be filled with confidence and strength 打破僵局 break the deadlock 打破禁区 break off a forbidden zone 得出结论 draw ( arrive at, come to reach ) a conclusion 锻造一支人民军队 forge a people’s army 对?具有深远的影响 have a far-reaching impact on 对 ? 做 出 重 要 ( 巨 大 ) 贡 献 major )contributions to 反对各种形式的恐怖主义 be opposed to all forms of terrorism 反腐倡廉 combat corruption and build a clean government 高举伟大旗帜 hold high the great banner 给?带来机遇和挑战 present (bring) both opportunities and challenges to 根除 ( 防 止 , 消 除 )*** root out (prevent, eliminate) make important (great,corruption 观察当今世界 observe the present-day world 缓和紧张状况 ease the tension 回顾奋斗历程 review the course of struggle 加快改革步伐 accelerate the speed of reform 加强舆论监督 ensure that the correct orientation is maintained in public opinion坚持改革开放政策 adhere to the reform and open policy坚持统一，反对分裂，增加 persist in reunification, oppose separation, increase 了解，化解歧见 understanding and iron out differences 减轻农民负担 alleviate farmer’s burden 解放思想 emancipate our minds 解决温饱问题 solve the problem of food and clothing 解决新问题 resolve new problems 进入世界先进行列 edge into the advanced ranks in the world 进入新时期 enter a new period 进行和谈 hold peace talks 进行战略性调整 make strategic readjustment 就?接受妥协 accept a compromise on 开发西部 remake the west 开始生效 go into effect (enter into force) 开拓前进 open up new ways forward 科 教 兴 国 education 理顺关系 rationalize the relationship 履 行 权 利 和 义 务 obligations 迈出重要的一步 make an important step 热爱和平 love peace 深化改革 deepen the reform perform the responsibilities and rejuvenate our country through science and审时度势 size up the situation 实现发展繁荣 bring about development and prosperity 实现民族独立 realize national independence 实现夙愿 fulfill the long-cherished wishes 实现小康目标 achieve the goal of ensuring our people a relative comfortable life 实现中华民族伟大复兴 bring about a great rejuvenation of the Chinese nation 实行新政策 practice new policies受到全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 缩小差别 bridge (narrow) the gap 完成中华民族的振兴大业 implement the revitalization of our nation 维护世界和平 maintain world peace吸 收 各 国 文 明 的 先 进 成 果 absorb what is advanced in other civilizations 下放权力给 delegate the management of ... (to ...) 响应号召 respond to the call 修改法律 amend the laws宣布?召开 announce the opening of 徇 私 枉 法 bend the law for the benefit of relatives or friends 依法治国 govern the country according to law引起全国的关注 arouse the concern of the whole nation 引起全世界广泛关注 attract extensive attention worldwide 赢得一个又一个胜利 win one victory after another在?中起(至关)重要作用 play a major (crucial, an important ) role in 增强凝聚力 enhance the rally power 增 强 综 合 国 力 和 国 际 竞 争 enhance comprehensive (overall) national strength and international competitiveness展望伟大征程 look into the great journey 展现生机和活力 display one’s vigor and vitality 战胜无数的困难 overcome numerous difficulties 振兴西部 revive the west 振兴中华民族 rejuvenate (revitalize) our nation 政企不分 enterprises 政企分开 management 政务公开 make government affairs public 主张各国政府采取行动 urge governments of all countries to take action 抓住机遇 seize the opportunity separate government functions from enterprise mix up the functions of the government and转变政府职能 transform (shift) the government functions 追求进步 pursue progress 追求真理 seek the truth走进新时代 march (stride) into the new era. 遵纪守法、廉洁奉公 observe the relevant code of conduct and the law and honestly perform one's official duties遵循规则 follow the principles 二、 经济类 to work 爱岗敬业 cherish posts and devote wholeheartedly保持国民经济发展的良好势头 maintain a good momentum 保 持 国 有 股 keep theof growth in the national economy State-held shares保证下岗职工的基本生活 guarantee the 被指控接受贿赂 be accused adopt various 承担basic needs of laid-off workers of accepting bribes methods采取不同的办法采取反垄断措施 take anti-monopoly measures风险 bear (take) risk (capital, proceeds) (currency)筹集足够的资金 raise enough funds 创 收 外 汇 earn foreign exchange 刺激国刺激国内经济需求 spur domestic demand内需求 stimulate domestic demand从粗放经济转变为集约经济 从国外shift from extensive economy to intensive economy引 进 先 进 技 术 和 管 理 introduce from abroad the advanced technology and 合作 reform 经验 management expertise 促进地区间的 promotepromote regional cooperation促进改革促 进 全 球 经 济 一 体 化 foster integration with the 打黑 crack down on speculation andglobal economy profiteering打假 take strong measures against fake and 打破垄断shoddy products (crack down on counterfeit goods) break the monopoly against ?对 ? 提 出 控 告 ( 投 诉 ) lodge complaints对 ? 造 成 ( 构 成 ) 威 胁 form (pose) a threatto?夺回失去的市场 take back lost market发挥自身优势give full play to one’s advantages防范和化解金融风险 take 改善投资环precautions against and reduce financial risks 境 improve the environment for investment the advanced on ?赶超先进 surpass给?带来积极影响 bring a more positive impact根 据 市 场 作 出 调 整 gear ourselves to the market 公证财产 notarize the properties 和?达成orientation(签订)协议 reach (sign) an agreement with further cooperation with ties with和?进一步合作和?有合作关系 have cooperative 集中精力把经济建 计算出准确的 加快经济发展和结 加活跃市场 enliven the market设搞上去 go all out for economic development 工资水平 figure out an exact salary level构调整 speed up economic development and restructuring 快竞争步伐 accelerate the competition efforts risks加快努力 speed up加 强 风 险 防 范 prepare oneself against possible 加强管理 reinforce the management 减缓通货紧缩的压力 ease the seriousness of deflation (lighten) the burden of (on)减轻?的负担 reduce downsize for 剪彩 cut the 解放生产力 精减员增效 cut payroll to improve efficiency ribbon 解除劳动关系 sever labor relationemancipate the productive forces (free the productivity) 简机构 streamline government organs竟争上岗 compete forthe post举报非法行为 disclose any illegal activities开辟 更 多 渠 道 open more channels (favor) the Chinese market 制 通 货 膨 胀 control) the poor开 发 ( 青 睐 ) 中 国 市 场 tap 控开拓市场 exploit marketscontrol inflation (keep inflation under扩大贫富差距 widen the gap between the rich and 扩大消费市场 expand consumption market 留职停薪retain the job but suspend the salary面对可能的压力和竞 牟取暴利 seek 取缔争 face possible pressure and competition excessive profits平衡经济(的发展) balance economy非法收入 ban unlawful incomes (illegal earnings)让?处于同一起跑线 put? on the same platform and at the same starting point 让位于竞争需要 give way to the need for 实现目标competition申 请 专 利 apply for a patent 适应?的发展realize the goal development ofadapt oneself to the 缩小不平衡损失惨重 suffer great losses状态 decrease the imbalance between servants缩小?间的距离 narrow the gap提 高 公 务 员 工 资 raise the salaries of civil 提高管理水平 raise the management level 提高居民生活 improve residents’ standard of living adjust the industrial structure调整产业结构 turn推广科研成果laboratory achievements into commercial (mass) production (commercialize laboratory achievements) 退还大量钱款 giveback an amount of money脱贫致富 cast (shake, throw) off 完善服务 perfect bring multiplepoverty and set out on a road to prosperity services 为?带来多种经济和社会效益economic and social benefits to? huge business opportunities为?提供巨大商机 present 吸吸收游资 absorb idle fund引外商投资 attract foreign investment commercial trouble into sea 陷 入 困 境 land下海 plunge into the oneself in deep向 ? 投 资 巨 额 资 金 invest huge amounts of money 消灭假冒伪劣产品 wipe out fake products focus on the central task of 以经济建 economic设 为 中 心 construction survival, quality inferior以 质 量 求 生 存 、 求 发 展 、 求 效 益 strive for and efficiency on the basis ofdevelopment优胜劣汰 select the superior and eliminate the 优先发展公共运输 give priority to the development 有巨大潜力 have huge potentialof public transportation for与国际市场接轨 integrate w become 在?建立分公司 set up 造成损integrated into the global market branches in 失造成很大压力 pose a big pressure on 增加农业投入cause a loss toinvest more inagriculture占领 市 场 10% occupy (take, account for ) 10 招商引资 attract (bid for, invite) 制订?法律 make a law of 制percent of the marketinvestments (from overseas)定优惠政策 work out favorable policy screens to do 阻碍?的经济发展制造假象 create smoke handicap (hamper) theeconomic development (brain drain) economy阻止人才流失 stop the talent flight遵循市场经济的规律 follow the law of market 三、文化生活类 把?列为世界自 然文化遗产 摆架子(摆谱儿) put 保护文化遗产 protectlist ?as a world natural heritage site on airs (show off, keep up appearances) cultural heritage (relics)博采各国文化之长 draw on strong 不注重历史 neglect 承担应有point of the cultures of other countries history采取保护态度 take protective attitude的义务 undertake the due obligations承前启后，继往开来build on the past and prepare for the future, inherit the past give and usher in the future full play to the 充分发挥知识分子的积极性 and creativity ofinitiativeintellectuals和创造性触 击 现 行 法 律 的 盲 区 touch a 创 建 卫 生 城 市 build a 辞旧迎新 bid farewell to the year and ring in 促进儿童blank area of the existing law nationally advanced clean cityold and usher in the new (ring out the old the new)从事电子商务工作 conduct e-commerce身心健康发展 promote the healthy development of children both physically and mentally 促 进 交 流 promote thecommunication促进文化市场健康发展 facilitate the sounddevelopment of the markets for cultural products 了解 enhance (further) mutual understanding 支 持 enjoy grass-root support temptation of to促进相互得到群众的广泛抵 住 ? 的 诱 惑 resist the对?持欢迎态度 take a welcoming attitude 发 发挥对?情有独钟 show special preference (favor) to挥?的聪明才智 develop one’s own talents and wisdom 潜力 tap one’ s potential繁荣文学艺术 enable literature and 反art to flourish promote flourishing literature and art 映中国的灿烂文化 reflect the rich culture of China放下架子 relinquish haughty airs (get off one’s high horse, throw off one’s airs) 腐蚀人的灵魂 poison one’s mind 改进教学 improve teaching and learning burden on students to给学生减负 alleviate the和 ? 持 相 同 观 点 share views similar 激发旅游热情互派访问学者 exchange visiting scholarsstimulate enthusiasm for traveling继承历史文化优秀传统carry on the fine cultural traditions handed from history carry on the fine historical and cultural traditions 础设施建设 build more cultural establishments 诈 honor credibility and oppose cheating views (ideas, opinions) educate people 加强文化基 讲诚信，反欺交换意见 exchange教 书 育 人 impart knowledge and 精经受住暴风雨的考验 weather the storm心编写教材 compile the textbooks with great care净化因特网 purify the Net举办文化节(展览会) hold (conduct, give) 举行学术会议 hold an initiate Holiday 开阔视野 widen 开展对外 开 攀登cultural festivals (an exhibition) academic meeting Economy开 创 假 日 经 济开发潜力 exploit one’ s potentialone’s vision (horizon)开设课程 offer courses文化交流 conduct cultural exchange with other countries 展群众性文化活动 carry out mass activities on culture 事业的高峰 climb one’s career ladder academic scores (achievements)评估学业成绩 evaluate 破 除 迷 信 eradicatesuperstition普及九年制义务教育 make nine-year compulsory 普 及 科 普 知 识 ， 传 播 科 学 popularize 思想，倡导education universalscientific and technological knowledge, spread科 学 精 神 scientific thought and advocate the scientific spirit 启发学生 enlighten the students 容纳三千名旅客accommodate 3000 passengers illiteracy Internet扫除文盲 eliminate (wipe out)上 网 get on (have access to, be wired to) 实施以德育为核心、 以创新 carry on the quality 精神和实践能力为重 素质教育 使 受 diverteducation centering on moral education点的 and emphasizing creativity and practice英语达到更高水平 push one’s English to a higher level 到?的关注 tourists receive attention from 疏导游客疏通关系 lubricate relationships树立企业良好形象 foster a good and healthy company
stamp the card taste (temperament)刷卡 , 划卡陶冶情操 cultivate one’s提倡文明的生活方式 advocate civilized 提高公务员的综合素质 improve the 提高全民反毒品的意识 提lifestyle (way of life)overall quality of civil servantsraise the consciousness of the entire people vs. drugs 高知名度 raise one’ s prestige of education提供受教育机会 offer a chance pass qualification通 过 资 格 考 试examinations透过现象看本质 see through the appearance to 推动人类文明进步 push forward humanperceive the essence civilization挖墙脚 undermine the foundation of sth. (cut 物质文明,精神文明一起抓the ground from under sb’s feet)pay equal attention to (place equal emphasis on) the material progress and cultural (ethical) progress each other forward 相 互 促进 help向世界展示中国文化建设 introduce China’ 的 成 就 the 消除误 eliminates achievements of cultural advancement to world 解向学生传授知识 impart knowledge to students 消 除 愚 昧clear up misunderstandingignorance形成文明、健康、崇尚科学 form civilized, healthy 的社会风尚 以全新and science-upholding social practice的 面 貌 进 入 新 世 纪 enter the new century with a brand-new colorful look 因材施教 teach students according to theiraptitude引起激烈争论 spark a hot debate营造良好的文化 影响身心健康环境 create a healthy cultural environment affect physical and psychological health有力地推动教育的 与各 增强自发展 give a big push to the development of education 国人民交往 communicate with people of all countries我保护意识 strengthen one’s awareness of protecting one’s right 找工作 hunt for a job 值得重视(关注) deserve one’ 重s attention制止盗版软件 control the pirated software视 ( 优先考虑 ) 教育发展 give priority to the development of education 重视实用性 place stress on practicality 尊重知识，尊重人才 peoplerespect knowledge and respect competent 帮助减缓全球变暖速度 help slow 保持生态平衡 keep ecological 保护和改善生活四、科技环保类down the pace of global warming balance保持水土 preserve soil and water和生态环境 protect and improve the living environment and the plants 保 护 珍 稀 野 生 动 植 物 protect rare wild animals and 保留为自然耕地 reserve as natural farmland 采用 采用新的环保技术 adopt environmental protection technique 开 采 方 法 apply new exploitation methods participate in the reconstruction of the city参加城市重建 参加环保运动 产生巨大take part in environmental protection activities 的水文效应 produce great hydrological effects崇尚绿色生活方式 pursue a “green ” life pleasant ecological environment创造良好的生态环境 create a 促进城市可持续发展 promote 发展太阳能 develop 非常the sustainable development of the city solar energy防治污染 prevent and control pollution注 重 保 护 森 林 pay great attention to the conservation of forest 改 善 生 态 环 境 improve the eco-environment close chemical 加(ecological environment) plants关 闭 化 工 厂加大污染治理力度 strengthen pollution control强城市绿化 strengthen the greening of the city 护 strengthen environmental protection improve the eco-construction conservation of water and soil加强环境保加强生态建设加强 水 土 保 持 reinforce the 坚持门前三包制度 adhere to 减少机动车 揭“the three responsibilities in the gate area” 辆 reduce the number of vehicles减少浪费 reduce waste开人类生命的奥秘 decode the secret of human life 快环保规划 plans进一步加further speed up environmental protection 开展禁止露天焚烧 prohibit burning out in the open保 护 野 生 动 物 宣 传 教 育 advocate to educate the public the protection of wild animals activities 开 展 绿 色 活 动 advocate green 普及环保 窃取密扩建管道网络 expand the pipe network知识 popularize environmental protection knowledge 码 snatch password 窃取知识产权lift intellectualproperty vehicle computers实 行 严 格 的 机 动 车 排 放 标 准 implement strict emission standards 使 电 脑 死 机 crash使用 再 生 纸 use recycle paper探索 ? 的 奥 秘probe the mysteries of淘汰或改造燃煤锅炉 eliminate or 提高环境管理水平 raise the 提高居民的环保和生态意识 and ecologicalconvert coal-burning boilers environmental management level improve awareness residents ’environmental提高清洁能源的比重 increase the supply of clean 投放电脑病毒 unleash viruses perfect the construction 完善城市基 of urban provide 为人 享受 削energy resources 础 设 施 建 设 infrastructure为大量野生动植物提供栖息地habitats for a huge number of wild animals and plants 类提供水和食物 supply water and food for human beings 国家一级保护 enjoy first-class protection of the State 减污物排放 decrease the disposal of pollutants 的传播 strain the spread of infectious diseases 列的问题 result in a series of problems prevent the widespread of AIDS抑制传染病 引发一系预防爱滋病蔓延增强环境意识 enhance theawareness of the importance of (raise the consciousness about) environmental protection 和水土流失问题 erosion 战胜非典 defeat SARS 治理沙地tackle the problems of sand and soil attach importance to saving注 重 节 约 资 源resources parents resources marriage children lives五、人口类不 服 从 父 母 disobey their倡导人力资源管理 advocate the management of human 调 查 性 和 婚 姻 状 况 conduct a survey on sex and 对子女寄予厚望 pin great hopes on their反 映 人 们 的 私 生 活 reflect people ’ s private 鼓励创建文明家庭 encourage the idea of “ Civilized 过孤独的生活 lead an isolated life 坚持计划生Families”育 的 基 本 国 策 stick to the basic state policy for family planning census 进行全国人口普查 carry out national population 禁止他人作克隆人的实验 inhibit others from doing 开辟人类历史新纪元 start a new 控制人口数量(增长) controlhuman cloning experimentschapter in the history of human the population size (growth)实现向低出生、低死亡、低 bring 自about a transition to the modern population reproduction然增长的现代人口再生 pattern characterized by a low birth rate, low death rate and rate society 产 类 型 的 转 变 low natural growth损 害 人 类社 会 的 道 德 观 damage the morality of human 缩小代沟 narrow the gap 提倡晚婚晚育 encourage 提 出 离 婚 ask for a 维护late marriage and late childbirth divorce提高人口素质 improve the population quality和促进人民的生存权 safeguard and promote the people’s rights to subsistence and 和发展权 development 维护***和不断改善 *** 状 况 safeguard human rights and steadily improve the human rights situation 享受优越的生活条件 enjoy good display a marked the population 占总人 造成不同 造living condition difference structure显示明显的差异优 化 人 口 结 构optimize优生优育 bear and rear better children口的 10% account for 10% of the total population的思想和观念 result in a different ideology and concepts 福人类和科学 benefit mankind and science 同人口、 development正确处理经济发展correctly handle the relationship of economic 资源、环境的关系 versus (with) population ， 征求父母的意见 ask for 重natural resources and environment her parents’ opinion挣零花钱 earn their pocket money视人口老年化问题 pay attention to the problem of an aging population 逐渐削弱长辈的权威 undermine the authority of 尊重和保障*** respect and guarantee 避开与?比赛 avoid playing 表现完美the older generation human rights against六、体育类标志一个历史时刻 mark a historic timegive some very good performance medal of somebody system剥夺冠军 strip the gold采取新的计分方法 adopt a new scoring 参加参加火炬接力 participate in the torch-relay热 身 赛 take part in a key warm-up game participate in the bidding campaign参加申办活动超过世界记录 surpassthe world record nation成为国家的骄傲 become the pride of the 达到国际体育 打败比利时创新世界纪录 set a new world record标准 reach the standard for international games 队 defeat Belgium 打破恶性循环break the wretchedcycle (for ?)打 破 世 界 纪 录 beat (break, cut) the world record 担任中国国家队主教练 serve as the head coach of the 夺冠 take the crown 反对使用兴奋剂 符合举办奥运Chinese national teamoppose the use of performance-enhancing drugs 会的要求 Gamesmeet the requirements of hosting the Olympic 鼓舞队员的士气 获 得 认 可 gain 激发中国青年 急于获胜更具进攻性 become more aggressiveboost the morale of the team members recognition获得团体冠军 win the team title的雄心壮志 fuel the ambitions of Chinese youths gain an eagerness to win建立职业联赛和俱乐部 set up a 角逐世界杯 compete for the 面对强手professional league and clubs World Cup满意抽签结果 satisfy with the drawface strong rivals end of the match facilities鸣笛终止比赛 blow a whistle to stop the 配备各种设施 furnish and equip with all 取得世界杯决赛资格取得经验 gain experiencequalify for the World Cup finals China’s appearance in the final the host country of the Olympics确保中国进入决赛 ensure 申奥 bid (apply) for being 失去男子单打冠军 miss outon men’s singles gold实现零的突破 fulfill the zero (gold 使其他选手相形见绌 dwarf 使中medal, medal, etc) breakthrough other athletes使生命焕发活力 wake up one’s life国以 3∶2 取胜 give the Chinese a 3-2 victory make comments on the contests level of the Chinese team提出比赛建议提高中国队的水平 raise the 同教练 为奥林匹挑选选手 choose players反应一致 share the same reaction with their coach克运动做出贡献 make contribution to the Olympics movement and world peace 卫冕世界冠军 regain world champion 吸引中国 向大学生优秀选手 attract China’s top university players 世界顶级球队学习 learn from the world’s top teams 较量 take on an opponent teams 增进友谊与对手与强队竞争 compete with strong 展示技能strengthen friendshipdemonstrate their skills展示中国足球的最新发展demonstrate (show) the latest development of China ’ s soccer 支持北京申办 2008 年奥运会 support Beijing’s bid for 主办奥运会 host the Olympicthe 2008 Olympic Games Games主办中国大学生篮球联赛 sponsor the China University 抓住练习和学习的机会 graspBasketball Association league the chance to practise and learn在翻译中，针对词汇空缺现象，在词汇的借用、 引用方面通常采取 四种形式： 音译、直译、改编、意译 1. 音译：人名、地名以及一些表示新概念 而本族语里又找不到对成词来表示时，均可采 用 音译法介绍到译文语言中去，如: [汉译英] 磕头（kowtow） ，荔 枝（litchi） ； [英译汉]、engine（引擎） ，motor（马达） ， sofa(沙 发)， logic （逻辑） 2． 直译： paper tiger(纸老虎)， loseface （丢脸） ， Seeing is believing. （百闻不如一见。 ） Out of mind， out of sight.（眼不见，心不烦） 3.改编：所谓“改编”指的是音译或直译如意 义补充的翻译，在翻译的“改编法”中，译 者总 是一方面尽可能保持原文语言的特性， 另一方面 更希望译文含 义明朗，使读者一目了然。 比如，汉语的“班门弄斧”这个成语，可译成 This is like showing off one's proficiency with the axe before Lu Ban the master carpenter 其中， “鲁班”变成 了“Lu Ban the mater carpenter& 否则鲁班究竟是什么人，不知道 典故的外国读者 就会感到茫然。这类译法在英译中比较常见，如巧 克力糖（chocolate） ，鸦片烟（opium） ，高尔夫球?*****olf） ，来 福枪（rifle） ，尼龙布（nylon） （examda） 4．意译法：填补语言中的词汇、语义空缺， 采用“并行法”即意译法是一种常 见的有效方 法。如果某一语言观象，在译文语言中只的用意 义相同 的不同语言形式即“并行”的词汇来翻译 时，那么就等于说译文语 言的形式中存在着一个 “空缺” 。比如，有许多词以及由这些词代表 的思 想概念，最先只存在于某种语言中，当把这些词 或概念介绍到 另一种语言中去时，我们可采取音 译，直译法，同时也可采用意译 法， 而且意译译文 可从语音、 语法、 语义等方面都合乎译文语言的 规范 ， 因 此 最 易 为 读 者 接 受 。 比 如 ： communism ， democracy, 和 proletariat 等外来词变成“共产主义” “民主”和”无产者”时， 可以说最先是意译的结 果。同时，由于“共产主义” ， “无产者”等 完全 是按我们汉语的构词规则，用汉语的构词材料构成 的。因此， 这种意译只不过是属于一种概念的借鉴 而已。 英译汉的一些技巧 1．改变词类是将原句子中的英文译成中文时，不一定要译成这个词类， 因为汉语中的一个词类可以在不改变词类的 情况下充当较多的句子成分，而英语中一个词能充当句子成分较少， 而且充当不同成分是要进行修改。 2．选词用字指的是在翻译时必须在理解原意的基础上考虑表达这个意思的中文翻译时用什么词最 为恰当。 3．词序的调整指的是由于英文表达方式不同，在翻译成 4．省略译法是指中文时，应根据中文的表达习惯做必要的调整。在不损害原意的情况下可以删去一些词的翻译， 常见的省略部分有冠 词， 代词， 连词， 介词。 5． 增词是因为在英语中没有量词， 助词，翻译时应根据需要适当增加这些。汉语中名词没有复数，动词没有时 态变化，这些都要从翻译中表达出来。另外英语中如果用了不及物动 词，而这些词在汉语中为其他词，则翻译时必须增加宾语，否则意义 就不完整。 6．英语中要避免重复，而汉语中不怕重复。英语中为了避免常常用一个动词接几个宾语，或用了一个动词，而相同的动词 可以省略，或大量使用代词以避免重复名词，遇上上述情况时，可以 采用重复某词的手法。 7．反译法。由于英汉两种语言表达习惯不同而且均可以从正面或反面来表达同一概念， 翻译时如果用正面表达译文比较困难，欠通顺，则可以尝试用反面表达，或将反面表达改用 正面表达，这样可以使译文比较通顺而与原意并无出入。 8．分译法。 英语长句比较多， 汉语句子一般比较短。 为了符合汉语表达习惯， 我们可以将长句拆开分译，成为短句。另外，如果有的词按原意的结 构不好处理，可将这个词译成句子就能比较准确的表达原意，译文也 比较通顺。 1. The American economic system is, organized around a basically private-enterprise, market- oriented economy in which consumers largely determine what shall be produced by spending their money in the marketplace for those goods and services that they want most. [参考译文] 美国的经济是以基本的私有企业和市场导向经济为架构的，在这种经济中，消费者很大 程度上通过在市场上为那些他们最想要的货品和服务付费来决定什 么应该被制造出来。 2. Thus, in the American economicsystem it is the demand of individual consumers, coupled with the desire of businessmen to maximize profits and the desire of individuals to maximize their incomes, that together determine what shall be produced and how resources are used to produce it. [参考译文] 因此，在美国的经济体系中，个体消费者的需求与商人试图最大化其利润的欲望和个人想最大化其收入效 用的欲望相结合，一起决定了什么应该被制造，以及资源如何被用来 制造它们。 3. If, on the other hand, producing more of acommodity results in reducing its cost, this will tend to increase the supply offered by seller-producers, which in turn will lower the price and permit more consumers to buy the product. [参考译文] 另一方面，如果大量制造某种商品导致其成本下降，那么这就有可能增加卖方和制造商能提供的供给，而这也 就会反过来降低价格并允许更多的消 费者购买产品。 4. Inthe American economy, the concept of private property embraces not only the ownership of productive resources but also certain rights, including the right to determine the price of a product or to make a free contract with another privateindividual.[参考译文] 在美国经济中， 私有财产的概念不仅包含对生产资源的所有权，也指其他一些特定的权利，如确定一个产品 价格和与另一个私人个体(经济单位) 自由签定合同的权利。 5.At the same time these computers record which hours are busiest and which employers are the most efficient, allowing personnel and staffing assignments to be made accordingly. And they also identify campaigns. preferred customers for promotional[参考译文] 同时这些计算机记录下哪些时间是最忙的，哪些员工工作效率最高，这样就能相应地做出人员人事安排。而 且它们(计算机)也能为促销活动找到那些拥有优先权的顾客。 6.Numerous other commercial enterprises, from theaters to magazine publishers, from gas and electric utilities to milkprocessors, bring better and more efficient services to consumers through the use of computers. [参考译文] 不计其数的其他商业企业，从剧院到杂志出版商，从公用燃气电力设施到牛 奶处理厂，都通过计算机的使用给消费者带来更好、更有效率的服 务。 7. Exceptional children are different in somesignificant way from others of the same age For these children to develop to their full adult potential, their education must be adapted to those differences. [参考译文] 残疾儿童在许多关键方面都与其同龄人不同。 为了让这些孩子发展其全部的成人后的 潜能，他们的教育必须适应这些不同。 ， 8. The great interest inexceptional children shown in public education over the past three decades indicates the strong feeling in our society that all citizens, whatever their special conditions, deserve the opportunity to fully develop their capabilities. [参考译文]在过去的 30 年中，公共教育中显示的对残疾儿童的巨大关注表明了 我们社会中的一种中强烈的情绪，那就是所有的公民，不管其情况有 多特殊，都应享有充分发展其能力的机会。 9. It servesdirectly to assist a rapid distribution of goods at reasonable price, thereby establishing a firm home market and so making it possible to provide for export at competitive prices. [参考译文] 它(广告)能够直接帮助货物以比较合理的价格被迅速分销 出去，因此可以(使公司)建立一个坚固的国内市场，同时也使以具有竞争力的价格提供出口变得可能。10. Apart from the fact thattwenty-seven acts of Parliament govern the terms of advertising, no regular advertiser dare promote a product that fails to live up to the promise of his advertisements. [参考译文] 除去议会有 27 件法案来规范广告的条件，没有任何一个正式的广告商敢于 推销一种商品却不能兑现其在广告中的承诺。 11. If its messagewere confined merely to information and that in itself would be difficult if not impossible to achieve, for even a detail such as the choice of the color of a shirt is subtly persuasive-advertising wound be so boring that no one wound pay any attention. [参考译文] 如果其信息只被局限于告知一一就广告而言，如果这不是完全不可能达到的，也是非常难做的，因为即 便是一个诸如衬衫的颜色的选择这样的细节都会具有微妙的说服意 味，那么广告就会如此地乏味以至于没有人 会关注它。 12. Theworkers who gets a promotion, the student whose grades improve, the foreigner who learns a new language-all these are examples of people who have measurable results to show for there efforts. [参考译文] 得到了升迁的工人们，成绩进步的学生，学会了一门新语言的外国人一 一这些都是那些有可衡量的结果宋显 示其努力的人们的例证。 13. As families move away from theirstable community, their friends of many years, their extended family relationships, the informal flow of information is cutoff, and with it the confidence that information will be available reliable. when needed and will be trustworthy and[参考译文] 随着家庭离开他们原来稳定的社区，离开他们多年的朋友和扩展的家庭关系，非正式的信息流动被切断了，随 之而去的是对在需要时能获得可靠和值得信赖的信息的信心。 14.The individual now has more information available than any generation, and the task of finding that one piece of information relevant to his or her specific problem is complicated, overwhelming. time--consuming, and sometimes even[参考译文] 现在每个人能够得到的信息比任何时代的人都多，而找到与他/她的特定问题相关的那一点信息的任务 不仅复杂、耗时，有时甚至令人难以招 。 15. Expertise can beshared world wide through teleconferencing, and problems in dispute can be settled without the participants leaving their homes site. and/or jobs to travel to a distant conference[参考译文] 通过远程会议， 专家知识可以在全世界范围内被分享，而争论的问题能够得到解决，同时相关人员也不必离开他们 的家庭或工作跑 到一个遥远的开 会地点。 16. The currentpassion for making children compete against their classmates oragainst the clock produces a two-layer system, in which competitive A-types seem in some way better than their B type fellows. [参考译文] 现在这种让孩子们和其同学或时间竞争的热情导致了一个双层结构， 在这个结构里面善于竞争的 A 类好像在某 个方面要比他们 B 类的同辈更胜一筹。 17. While talking to you,your could-be employer is deciding whether your education, your experience, and other qualifications will pay him to employ you and your &wares& and abilities must be displayed in an orderly and reasonably connected manner. [参考译文] 在跟你谈话的时候，可能成为你的雇主的人就一直在衡量你的教育、经 验和其他资 格是不是值得他雇用你，而你的&商品&和能力一定要以一 种有条不 紊而且合情合理的相互关联的方式被展示出来。 18. TheCorporation will survive as a publicly funded broadcasting organization, at least for the time being, but its role, its size and its programs are now the subject of a nation wide debate in Britain. [参考译文] 英国广播公司将作为一个公共基金支持的广播组织存在下来，至少目前 会这样，但是它的角色、它的规 模和它的节目现在在英国成了全国上下 的讨论话题。 19. Thedebate was launched by the Government, which invited anyone with an opinion of the BBC--including ordinary listeners and viewer to say what was good or bad about the Corporation, and even whether they thought it was worth keeping. [参考译文]这场辩论是由政府发动的， 政府请任何一个对英国广播公司有意见的 人 一包括普通的听众和观众一来说说这个公司好在哪里或坏在哪里， 甚至 要说说他们是否认为这个公司值得被保留下来。 20. Thechange met the technical requirements of the new age by engaging a large profess signal element and prevented the decline in efficiency that so commonly spoiled the fortunes of family firms in the second and third generation after the energetic founders. [ 参考译文] 这种变化通过引入许多的专业因素从而适应了这个新时代的技术要求， 并且它(这种变化)防止了效率的降 低。这种效率的降低在精力充沛的 创业者之后的第二代和第三代人 (领导公司)的时候， 经常会毁掉那些 家族公司的财富。 21. Suchlarge, impersonal manipulation of capital and industry greatly increased the numbers and importance of shareholders as a class, an element in national life representing irresponsible wealth detached from the land and the duties of the landowners: and almost equally detached from the responsible management of business. [ 参考译文] 这样巨大而非个人的对资金和产业的操纵极大地增加了股东的数量和他 们作为一个阶级的重要性，这是国 家生活中代表不负责任的财富的一个 因素，这种财富不但远离了土 地和土地拥有者的责任，而且几乎同样与 公司的负责任的管理毫无 关系。 22. Towns like Bournemouth and Eastbourne sprang upto house large &comfortable& classes who had retired on their incomes, and who had no relation to the rest of the community exceptthat of drawing dividends and occasionally attending a shareholders' meeting to dictate their orders to themanagement.[参考译文] 像伯恩茅斯和伊斯特本这样的城镇的涌现是为了给那些数量很多的&舒 适&阶级提供居住场所。这些人依 赖于其丰厚收入而不工作， 他们除了 分红和偶尔参加一下股东大会， 向管理层口授一下自己的命令之外，跟 社会的其他阶层毫无瓜 葛。 23. The &shareholders& as such had no knowledge of thelives, thoughts or needs of the workmen employed by the company in which he held shares, and his influence on the relations of capital and labor was not good. [ 参考译文] 这样的 & 股东&对他拥有股份的公司所雇用的工人们的生活、 思想和需 求一无所知， 而且他们对劳资双方的关系都不会产生积极的影响。 24. Thepaid manager acting for the company was in more direct relation with the men and their demands, but even he had seldom that familiar personal knowledge of the workmen which the employer had often had under the more patriarchal system of the old family business now passing away. [参考译文] 代表公司的花钱雇来的经理与工人及其需求的关系更加直接，但是就连 他对工人 们也没有那种熟识的私人之间的了解。而在现在正在消失的古 老家 族公司的那种更加家长式的制度下的雇主们却常常对他们的工人有 这样的私人关系。 25. Among the many shaping factors, I wouldsingle out the country's excellent elementary schools: a labor force that welcomed the new technology； the practice of giving p and above all the American genius fornonverbal, technological.&spatial&thinkingaboutthings[参考译文] 在许多形成因素当中，我将挑选出这些:这个国家优秀的小学教育:欢 迎新技术的劳动者们:奖励发明 者的做法； 而且最重要的是美国人在对 那些技术性事物的非言语的、 & 空间性的 & 思考方面的天赋。 26. As Eugene Ferguson haspointed out, &A technologist thinks about objects that can not be reduced to unambiguous verbal descriptions: they are dealt with in his mind by a visual, nonverbal process...The designer and the inventor.., are able to assemble and manipulate in their minds devices that as yet do not exist&. [参考译文] 正如尤金?弗格森所指出的那样:&一个技术专家思考那些不能被简化成 能 被清楚的语言描述的东西。 这些东西在他的思维中是通过一种视觉的、 非语言表述的过程宋处理的??设计者和发明者??能够在他们的 脑中 装配并操作那些还不存在的装置。& 27. Robert Fulton oncewrote, &The mechanic should sit down among levers, screws, wedges, wheel, etc, like a poet among the letters of the alphabet, considering them as an exhibition of his thoughts, in which a new arrangement transmits a new idea&. [参考译文] 罗伯特?法欧特曾经这样写到:&一个技师会坐在杠杆、螺丝钉、 楔子、 轮子等等当中，就像一个诗人沉浸在字母表的字母中，把这 些字母看成 自己思想的展示，在这样的展示中，每种新的次序安排 都传达了--种新 的思想。& 28. In the last three chapters, hetakes off his gloves and gives the creationists a good beating. He describes their programs and, tactics, and, for those unfamiliar with the ways of creationists, the extent of their deception surprise. and distortion may come as an unpleasant[参考译文] 在最后三章中，他脱下手套，将神造论者好好地揍了一顿。他描述了他 们的活动和战术，而且，对于那些对 神造论者的做事方式刁；熟悉的人来 说，神造论者的欺骗和扭曲事 实的程度可能会令这些人有一种不快的诧 异。 29. On the dustjacket of this fine book, Stephen Jay Gould says: &This book stands for reason itself.& And so it does-and all wound be well were reason the only judge in the creationism/evolution debate. [参考译文] 在这本杰出的书的外纸封面上，史蒂芬?杰伊?古尔德写道:&这本书本 身就代表理性。&而它确实是这样的--而 且如果理性成为神造论/地化 论之间的辩论中的惟一评判标准的话， 一切就都好办了。 30. After six months of arguing and final16 hours of hot parliamentary debates, Australia's Northern Territory became the first legal authority in the world to allow doctors to take the lives of incurably ill patients who wish to die. [参考译文] 经过了六个月的争论以及最后 16 个小时激烈的议会辩论，澳大利亚北 部地区成了世界上第一个允许医生终止 希望死去的绝症病人生命的立 法当局。 31. Some have breathedsighs of relief, others, including churches, right-to-lifegroups and the Australian Medical Association, bitterly attacked the bill and the haste of its passage. But the tide is unlikely to turn back. [参考译文] 一些机构终于松了一口气，但是其他一些机构，包括教堂，倡导生命之 权的团体和澳大利 亚医学协会，尖锐地抨击这个法案，指责法案的通过 过于匆忙。但 是大势已定，不可逆转。 ， 32. In Australia- where an agingpopulation, life-extending technology and changing community attitudes have all played their partother states are going to consider making a similar law to deal with euthanasia. [参考译文] 在澳大利亚--人口老龄化， 延长寿命的技术和变化看的社会 态度，这 些因素都在发挥作用一一其他的州也会考虑制定相似的关 于安乐死的 法律。 33. There are, of course, exceptions.Small--minded officials, rude waiters, and ill mannered taxi drivers are hardly unknown in the US. Yet it is an observation made so frequently that it deserves comment. [参考译文] 当然，例外是存在的。在美国，心胸狭窄的官员，粗鲁的传者，和没有 礼貌的出租车司机也并不少见。然而人们常常得出这样的观察意见， 这 使得它值得被讨论一下。 34. We live in a society in whichthe medicinal andsocial use of substances (drugs) is pervasive: an aspirin to quiet a headache, some wine to be sociable, coffee to get going in the morning, a cigarette for the nerves. [参考译文] 我们生活在一种药品(毒品)的医学用途和社会用途都很广泛的社会里: 一片用来止头痛的阿斯匹林，一些用来社交的葡萄酒， 早 上 自 己提 提神 所 喝 的 咖啡 ，一支 用 来 定神 的香烟 。 35.Dependence is marked first by an increased tolerance, with more and more of the substance required to produce the desired effect, and then by the appearance of unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the substance is discontinued. [参考译文] 对药品的依赖性首先表现为不断增长的耐药量，要产生想得到的效果所 需要的 药品剂量越来越大，然后表现为当停止用药后，令人不快的停药 症 状的出现。 36. &Is this what you intended to accomplish withyour careers?& Senator Robert Dole asked Time Warner executives last week. &You have sold your souls, but must you corrupt our nation and threaten our children as well?& [参考译文] 上星期参议员罗博特多尔质问时代华纳公司的高级管理人员们 :&难道 这 就是你们希望能够成就的事业?你们已经出卖了自己的灵魂， 但是 难道 你们还非要腐化我们的国家，威胁我们的孩子们吗 ?& 37.&The test of any democratic society, he wrote in a Wall Street Journal column', &lies not in how well it can control expression but in whether it gives freedom of thought and expression the widest possible latitude, however disputable or irritating the results may sometimes be...& [参考译文] &对任何一个民主社会的考验，&他在《华尔街杂志》的一个专栏文章中 写到，&不在于 它能够多有效地控制各种意见的表达，而在于这个社会是 否能给予思考和表达的尽可能广泛的自由，不管有时候这种结果是多么 的富 有 争 议 或 令 人 不快 ? & 38. During the discussion of rocksinging verses at last month's stockholders' meeting, Levin asserted that &music is not the cause of society's ills& and even cited his son, a teacher in the Bronx, New York, who uses rap to communicate with students. [参考译文] 在-上个月的股东大会上关于摇滚歌词的讨论中，莱文宣称说:&音乐不是 社会问 题的原因&，他甚至还以他的儿子为例。他的儿子是纽约州布朗克 斯 的一个教师，并用说唱音乐与学生们进行沟通。 39. Much of thelanguage used to describe monetary policy, such as &steering the economy to a soft landing& of &a touch on the brakes& , makes it sound like a precise science. Nothing could be further from the truth. [参考译文] 有很多用于描述货币政策的词汇，例如&轻踩刹车&以&操纵经济软着 陆&， 使货币政策听起来像是一门精确的 科学。没有什么比这更远离实际 情况的了。 40. Economists havebeen particularly surprised by favorable inflation figures in Britain and the United States, since, conventional measures suggest that both economies, and especially America's, have little productive slack. [参考译文] 经济学家们对英国和美国的有利的通货膨胀数据尤其感到惊讶，因为传 统的计量方法显示 两国的经济， 特别是美国的经济， 几乎没有生产萧条 的时候。 41.The most thrilling explanation is, unfortunately, a littledefective. Some economists argue that powerful structural changes in the world have upended the old economic models that were based upon the historical link between growth and inflation. [参考译文] 很不幸，这最令人震惊的解释有一点缺陷。一些经济学家认为世界经济 结构的强有力的变化已经结束了那 个以经济增长和通货膨胀的历史关联 为基础的旧的经济模 式。 42. The Aswan Dam, for example, stopped the Nileflooding but deprived Egypt of the fertile silt that floods left-all in return for a giant reservoir of disease which is now so full of silt that it barely generates electricity. [参考译文] 例如，阿斯旺大坝使得尼罗河不再洪水泛滥，但是它也夺去 了埃及以前 所享有的洪水留下的肥沃淤泥--这些换宋的就是这么个 疾病滋生的水 库， 现在这个水库积满了淤泥， 几乎不能发电了。 43.New ways of organizing the workplace--all that re-engineering and downsizing--are only one contribution to the overall productivity of an economy, which is driven by many other factors such as joint investment in equipment and machinery, new technology, and investment in education andtraining,[参考译文] 企业重组的新方法--所有那些重新设计、缩小规模的做法--只是对 一个经济的整体生产力做出了一方面的贡 献。这种经济还受许多其他因 素的驱动，比如结合设备和机械上的 投资、 新技术， 以及在教育和培训 上的投资。 44. His colleague,Michael Beer, says that far too many companies have applied re-engineering in a mechanistic fashion, chopping out costs without giving sufficient thought to long-termprofitability.[参考译文] 他的同事迈克尔?比尔说， 有太多的公司已经用一种机械的方式实行公 司内部的重新设计，在没有充分 考虑长期赢利的能力下削减了成本。 45. Defenders of science have also voiced their concerns at meetings such as &The Flight from S.cience and Reason& , held in New York City in 1995, and &Science in the Age of (Mis) information, which assembled last June near Buffalo. [参考译文] 科学卫士们在会议上也表述了他们的关注，比如 1995 年在纽 约市举行的 &逃离科学与理性&会议，以及去年 6 月在布法罗附近召 开的 &( 错误 ) 信息时代的科学 & 会议。 46. A survey of newsstories in 1996 reveals that the antiscience tag has been attached to many other groups as well, from authorities who advocated the elimination of the last remaining stocks of smallpox virus to Republicans who advocated decreased funding for basic research. [参考译文] 一项关于 1996 年新闻报道的调查显示，反科学的标签还可以贴在许多其 他团体身上，从提倡消 灭最后存留的天花病毒的权威机构，到鼓吹削减 基础研究经费的共 和党人(都被贴上了反科学的标签)。 47. The 'true enemies ofscience, argues Paul Ehrllch of Stanford University, a pioneerof environmental studies, are those who question the evidence supporting global warming, the depletion of the ozone layer and other consequences of industrial growth. [参考译文] 环境研究的先驱、斯坦福大学的保罗?厄尔里西认为，科学真正的敌人 是那 些对支持全球变暖、臭氧层损耗以及工业发展的其他后果的证据提 出置疑的人。 48. This development--and its strongimplication for US politics and economy in years ahead--has enthroned the South as America's most densely populated region for the first time in the history of the nation's head counting. [参考译文] 这种发展--以及其对美国政治、 经济在未来几年的潜在的强有力的影 响一一使得南部在全国人口普查中有史 以来首次成为美国人口最密集 的地区。 49. Often theychoose--and still are choosing--somewhat colder climates such as Oregon, Idaho and Alaska in order to escape smog.crime and other plagues of urbanization in the Golden State. [参考译文] 他们常常选择 --现在依然这样选择--居住在那些气候较为寒 冷的地 区， 比如俄勒冈、 爱达荷， 还有阿拉斯加， 为的是逃避烟雾、 犯罪， 以及&金州&(加利福尼亚)城市化进程中的其他问题。 50.As a result, California's growth rate dropped during the 1970's, to 18.5 percent--little more than two thirds the 1960's growth figure states. and considerably below that of other Western[参考译文] 结果，加利福尼亚的人口增长率在 20 世纪70 年代时下降到了 18.5％一 一稍高于 60 年代增长率的三分之二， 大大低于西部其他各州。 51. Unlike most of the world'svolcanoes, they are not always found at the boundaries of the great drifting plates that make up the earth' on the contrary, many of them lie deep in the interior of a plate. [参考译文] 跟世界上的大多数火山不同的是， 它们(热点)并不总是在由构成地球 表面巨大漂流板块之间的边界上出现； 相反， 它们中有许多位于一个板 块较纵深的内部。 52. The relativemotion of the plates carrying these continents has been constructed in detail, but the motion of the plates with respect to another cannot readily be translated into motion with respect to the earth's interior. [参考译文] 携带这些大陆板块的相对运动已经能够被详细地表述出来，但是这些板 块相对于 另一些板块的运动还不能轻易地解释为它们相对于地球内部 的运 动。 53. As the dome grows, it develops seed fissures(cracks); in at least a few cases the continentmay break entirely along some of these fissures, so that the hot spot initiates the formation of a new ocean. 缺 54. While warnings are often [参考译文] 暂 appropriate andnecessary--the dangers of drug interactions, for example--and many are required by state or federal regulations, it isn't clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellersfrom liability if a customer is injured.[参考译文] 尽管警告常常是适当而且必须的--比如对于药物相互作用的危险提出 警 告--许多警告还是按州或联邦政府规定要求给出的，然而(我们) 并 不清楚，如果顾客受到伤害时，这些警告是不是确实可以使得生产者 和销售者豁免责任。 55. At the same time, the American LawInstitute--a group of judges, lawyers, and academics whose recommendations carry substantial weight--issued newguidelines for tort law stating that companies need not warn customers of obvious dangers or bombard them with a lengthy list of possible ones. [参考译文] 与此同时，美国法律研究所--由一群法官、律师和理论专家组成，他 们的建议分量极重--发布了新 的民事伤害法令指导方针，宣称公司不 必提醒顾客注意显而易见的 危险，也不必连篇累牍地一再提请他们注意 一些可能会出现的危 险。 56. In the past year, however, software companies havedeveloped tools that allow companies to &push& information directly out to consumers, transmitting marketing messages directly to targeted customers. [参考译文] 但是，在过去的一年间，软件公司已经开发出工具，使得公司可以直接 将信息&推出 &给顾客，直接把营销讯息传递给目标顾客。 57. The examples ofVirtual Vineyards, Amazon.com, and other pioneers show that a Web site selling the right kind of products with the right mix of interactivity, hospitality, and security will attractonline customers.[ 参 考 译 文 ] 像 Virtual Vineyards ，Amazon.com 这样的先驱网站表明，一个将交互性、 热情服务和安全 性合理结合以销售同类商品的网址是可以吸引网上客户 注意 的。 58. An invisible border divides those arguing forcomputers in the classroom on the behalf of students' career prospects and those arguing for computers in the classroom for broader reasons of radical education reform. [参考译文] 有些人为了学生的就业前景为教室里放置电脑而辩， 有些人为教育的彻 底改革中更为广泛的理由为教室里放置电脑而辩， 这两群人之间有一 条 无形的界线。 59. Rather, we have a certain conception ofthe American citizen, a character who is incomplete if he cannot competently access how his livelihood and happiness are affected by things outside of himself. [参考译文] 我们更应该具有的是作为美国公民的某种观念，这个公民人物如果不能 很恰 当地认识到自己的生存和幸福是如何受到自身之外的事物的影响， 那么其公民特征就是不完整的。 60. Besides, this is unlikelyto produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many internationalcorporations.[参考译文] 另外，在我们这么一个大国里，经济延展到这么多的州、涉及到这么多 的国际公司，因而要按照数量培 养出所需的各类专业人员是不大可能的， 61.But,for a smallgroup of students, professional training might be the way to go since well-developed skills, all other factors being equal, can be the difference between having a job and not. [参考译文] 但是，对一个小部分学生来说，职业教育也是条可取的路径。 因为在 其他因素相同的情况下，技能的娴熟是得到工作与否的关 键。 62. Declaring that he was opposed to using this unusualanimal husbandry technique to clone humans, he ordered that federal funds not be used for such an experiment-although no one had proposed to do so--and asked an independent panel of experts chaired by Princeton President Harold Shapiro to report back to the White House in 90 days with recommendations for a national policy on human cloning. [参考译文] 他宣布自己反对使用这种非同寻常的畜牧繁殖技术来克隆人类，并下令 . 不准联 邦政府基金用于做此类试验--尽管还没有人建议这么做--他 还请一 个以普林斯顿大学校长哈罗得?夏皮罗为首的独立的专家组在 90 天 内向白宫汇报关于制定有关克隆人的国家政策的建议。 63. In a draft preface to the recommendations, discussed at the 17 May meeting, Shapiro suggested that the panel had found a broad consensus that it would be &morally unacceptable to attempt to create a human child by adult nuclear cloning&. 参考译文] 在 5 月 17 日的会议上所讨论的这份建议书的序言草案中， 夏皮罗提出， 专家组已经达成广泛共识，那就是&试图通过成人细胞核克隆来制造人类幼儿的 做法在道德上是不可接受的&。64. Because currentfederal law already forbids the use of federal funds to create embryos (the earliest stage of human offspring before birth) for research or toknowingly endanger an embryo's life, NBAC will remain silent on embryo research. [参考译文] 因为现今的联邦法律已经禁止使用联邦基金克隆胚胎 (人类后裔在出生 前 的最早阶段)用于研究或者有意地威胁胚胎的生命， NBAC 在胚胎研 究 上将保持沉默。 65. If experiments are planned and carried outaccording to plan as faithfully as the reports in the science journals indicate, then it is perfectly logical for management to expect research to produce results measurable in dollars and cents. [参考译文 ] 如果试验是像科学杂志上的报告所示的那样如实地根据计划规划和实施的话，那么对管理层来说，期待研究能够 产生可以用金钱衡量的结果是完全合理的。 66. It is entirelyreasonable for auditors to believe that scientists who know exactly where they are going and how they will get there should not be distracted by the necessity of keeping one eye on the cash register while the other eye is on the microscope. [参考译文] 审查者完全有理由相信，知道自己准备做什么、怎么做的科 学家不应该因为必须一只眼盯着收银机， 一只眼盯着显微镜而分散了 注意力。 67. Nor, if regularity and conformity to a standardpattern are as desirable to the scientist as the writing of hispapers would appear to reflect, is management to be blamed for discriminating against the &odd balls& among researchers in favor of more conventional thinkers who &work well with the team.& [参考译文 ] 如果科学家对标准式样的整齐划一的要求就像他论文的写作所反映的一 样，那么管理层就不该因歧视研究者中 的&思维与众不同的人&，喜欢其 中较为传统的&善于团队合作&的思 想者而受到指责了。 68. The grand mediocrity oftoday--everyone being the same in survival and number of offspring--means that natural selection has lost 80% of its power in upper-middle-class India compared to the tribe. [参考译文] 当今人与人在很大程度上的平等 --即面对自然淘汰法则人人机 会均等， 并且连子嗣的数目都一样--意味着和在印度土著部落中的情 况 相 比 ， 印 度 中上 层 阶 级中 已丧失 了 80 ％的 自 然选 择 中 的优 势。 69. When a new movement in art attains a certain fashion,it is advisable to find out what its advocates are aiming at, for, however farfetched and unreasonable their principles may seem today, it is possible that in years to come they may be regarded as normal. [参考译文] 当艺术领域的一个新运动发展成某种流行时尚时， 最好应该弄清这场运动倡导者的真正意图， 因为， 不管他们的原则在今天看来多么牵强无理， 很可能多年以后他们的理 论会被视为正常。 70. With regard to Futurist poetry, however,the case is rather difficult, for whatever Futurist poetry maybe even admitting that the theory on which it is based may be right--it can hardly be classed as Literature. [参考译文] 然而就未来主义诗歌来说，情况则不这么简单了，因为不管未来主义诗 歌是什么--就算承认它赖以存在的理论基础都是正确的 -- 这种形式 也很难被归入文学。 71. But it is a little upsetting to readin the explanatory notes that a certain line describes a fight between a Turkish and a Bulgarian officer on a bridge off which they both fall into the river--and then to find that the line consists of the noise of their falling and the weights of the officers, kilograms.& &Pluff! Pluff!& A hundred and eighty-five[参考译文] 但当我们先是从注释中得知某诗行讲述了一个土耳其军官和一个保 加利亚军官在桥上动手打架并双双掉 进河里，而后却发现该行诗中不过只充斥着&扑通，扑通，185 公斤 重&这类对他们落水时的动静以及对军官们体重的描写时，我们不免 感到困惑不安。 72. The coming of age of the postwar baby boomand an entry of women into the male- domiated job market have limited the opportunities of teen-agers who are already questioning the heavy personal sacrifices involved in climbing Janpan's rigid social ladder to good schools and jobs. [参考译文] 战后婴儿潮一代的步入成年以及女性打入男性主导的劳动 力市场使得青少年的发展机会变得极为有限， 他们已经在不停地质疑 为了爬上日本国内那通往优秀学校和体面工作的严酷的社会阶梯而做出的巨大的个人 牺牲。73. Last year Mitsuo Setoyama, whowas then education minister, raised eyebrows when he argued that liberal reforms introduced by the American occupation authorities after World WarII had weakened the &Japanese morality of respect for parents&. [参考译文] 去年，当担任教育部长职务的濑户光夫争辩说二战后由美国占领当局引入的自由 主义革新削弱了日本民族 & 尊敬父母的道德品质 & 的时候，舆论哗 然。 74. With economic growth has come centralization: fully76 percent of Japan's 119 million citizens live in cities where community and the extended family have been abandoned in favor of isolated, tow-generation households. [参考译文] 随着经济的增长，出现了集中化:全国 1.19 亿公民，其中整整 76％的人口 定居城市:在这里，原来的社区和多代同堂的大家庭已被摒弃，取而 代之的是与外界疏于往来的、只由两代人组成的核心家庭。 75.If the tradition of ambition is to have vitality, it m and it especially must be highly regarded by people who are themselves admired, the educated not least a-mong them. [参考译文] 如果野心的传统具有生命力，那么这传统必会为许多人分享；尤其会受到自己也受人仰慕的人士的青睐，在 这些人中受过良好教育的可不占少数。 76. Certainly people donot seem less interested in success and its sig