联合国需要什么样的中文笔译类人才？来源： 浮生晓记ll译者无疆微信公众号
　　2017年联合国中文笔译类竞争性考试即将举行。通过这次考试，我们希望物色到什么样的人才呢？由于大环境改变，客户对翻译质量的要求越来越高，联合国内部预算压力越来越大，联合国中文翻译人员面临诸多挑战。因此，我们希望物色到具备下列品质和素养的翻译人才：
　　一．品行端正
　　联合国翻译是国际公务员。对国际公务员的要求，最重要的一条是诚信。良好的声誉是联合国的宝贵财富之一。公务员的任何不端行为都会损害联合国的声誉。因此，我们物色的人才，首先必须品行端正。因此，考生必须在申请阶段如实填写学历、履历等各项内容，在考试阶段不得有任何形式的作弊行为，否则不仅绝无进入后备名册的可能，而且会彻底堵死自己未来参加任何联合国考试和在国际组织任职的路。
　　二．着眼大处
　　在联合国做翻译，不能把眼光只放在一份一份文件上，更不能只满足于完成规定的工作量定额，而是要时常提醒自己，我们的工作和所起的桥梁作用与联合国努力实现的大目标紧密相连。我们翻译的文件，直接供中国常驻联合国代表团、参加联合国会议的中国代表、各政府部门、立法机构、学术界、新闻机构、档案和文献机构以及其他广大读者使用。我们翻译的纲领性文件，可能直接与国家立法和政策接轨。
　　我们翻译质量的高低，直接影响中国参与联合国事务的广度、深度、效率和效果，影响政府间进程的效率和谈判成果的质量，影响联合国作用的发挥，影响民众对联合国的理解和支持，进而影响和平与发展及民众福祉。所以，做联合国翻译必须有一种崇高的使命感和责任感。
　　三．政治敏感性
　　联合国翻译队伍是国际政治机构里的专业队伍。联合国是最大的世界性政治机构，是各国利益角逐的场所，处理的很多问题十分敏感。有些词句貌似平常，却是各方长时间艰难谈判的结果。如果译员稀松平常地对待，很可能会踩到政治地雷，引发风波。所以联合国翻译务必关心敏感热点问题、各方立场及各种用词和表述的细微差别，不断提高自己的政治敏感度。
　　四．中外文功底
　　联合国文件，大词难词处处可见，难句长句比比皆是，要透彻理解原文并非易事。作为联合国翻译，文件中的每个词句都必须吃透，任何难点都无法绕开。联合国文件由于敏感的政治原因、原文文风文体的多样性或文件起草质量的参差不齐，有些意思或深藏在字里行间，或词不达意，或刻意模糊。译员必须吃透有时若隐若现的细微含义，准确把握作者的意图，才能准确传达各种细微含义。否则译文会有隔靴挠痒、云山雾罩之感，甚至会差之毫厘，谬以千里。因此做联合国翻译，外语基本功必须扎实。
　　译员的中文素养，是很容易被人忽略的必备条件。有人会问，我们从小就学中文，中文怎么会有问题。其实不然。译员时常会遇到原文理解无碍，但要准确转换成地道通顺的中文却极为困难的情况。因此，译者必须有扎实的中文功底，才能圆满完成双语转换。对联合国翻译的要求，母语素养是“精通”，外语素养是“熟练掌握”，足见母语素养比外语素养更为重要。
　　中文素养不够，会有多种后果，包括译文虽无理解错误，但拖泥带水，词不达意，硬译、死译随处可见；深陷原文句子结构不能自拔，译文不符合中文表达习惯，使读者读来痛苦不堪；译文与原文文体错位；不论原文是什么性质的文件，译文千篇一律。
　　五．翻译基本功
　　中外文功底扎实，不等于能做好翻译。能写一手好文章，也不等于能做好翻译。这样的例子并非鲜见。除了扎实的中外文功底，译员还必须掌握各种翻译技巧，才能地道、忠实、完整、准确地用译入语传达原文的各层意思，包括字里行间的细微含义，做到不增不减，文体文风一致，行文通顺流畅，确保译文读者与原文读者得到的信息一致。
　　要做好联合国翻译，还需要具备很强的分析和调研能力。联合国文件涉及各种议题和概念。不论译员知识多么渊博，都会时常遇到各种新概念。译员必须进行大量调研，弄清各种概念的内涵外延，才能准确用中文表述这些概念。
　　我们物色的人才，还需具备翻译特质。正如优秀摄影师需要有摄影师的眼光（photographer’seye），优秀译员也必须具备独特的翻译眼光（translator’s eye）和思维习惯以及揣摩文字、精益求精的执着精神。有了这种特质，看完原文，就知道重点在哪里，难点在哪里，哪些需要说清楚，哪些需要刻意模糊，哪些是固定词汇和用法，哪些地方是陷阱。
　　六．知识积累
　　联合国处在世界事务发展的前沿。联合国文件，内容涉及政治、经济、财会、社会、文化、技术等各个领域。因此，联合国翻译必须是一个杂家，具备处理各种题材文件的能力。但由于议题太多且不断增加，任何人都无法深入研究所有议题。所以联合国翻译还必须分别对某些领域和课题做深入研究，成为一个或几个领域的专家。只有这样，联合国翻译队伍作为一个整体才能具备比较完备的知识结构。
　　七．敬业乐业
　　在联合国做翻译，往往一干就是几十年。译员必须对翻译本身有真正的热情。只有这样，才会把翻译作为事业来追求，才会全身心投入其中，深入钻研各种问题，持续扩大知识面，不断提高翻译水平和能力，不断提升自己的价值。只有这样，翻译才会越做越好，才能使客户满意，译员也会从中获得无穷的乐趣，从而形成良性循环。否则，即便能够入职，必然会时间越久动力越小，工作越做越马虎，工作满意度越来越低，不仅工作本身做不好，影响自己的身心健康，还会损害团队声誉，形成恶性循环。
　　八．协作精神
　　联合国文件翻译有半个多世纪的沉淀和积累，其中包括大量定译、作准文本、惯例和规范。这就要求译员在翻译文件时做到“瞻前顾后”，否则就无法做到纵向统一，丧失联合国文献的严肃性。翻译是“脚戴镣铐的舞者”，联合国翻译更是如此。
　　由于时限紧，联合国很多文件是多人协作完成的。联合国翻译队伍是一个大团队。每个译员都是团队的一员，必须有协作意识，不能我行我素。否则每个翻译可以是世界顶级翻译，但把各自的译文放在一起就会前后左右不统一，给读者造成极大的困扰。团队里有问题也经常提出来讨论，达成共识，译员必须做到相互尊重，不能不顾讨论结果，我行我素，否则会影响联合国翻译的整体质量和声誉。
　　九. 客户意识
　　我们翻译的文件要满足客户需要，达到客户要求的质量标准。我们最直接的客户是中国常驻联合国代表团以及参加联合国会议的中国代表。翻译心里必须始终装着客户。特别是，文件必须按时出手，确保客户有充足时间研读文件；翻译质量必须保证，确保客户快速、准确地掌握文件内容，为有效参与谈判做好准备。
　　十．抗压和时间管理能力
　　联合国翻译有很高的工作量要求。有些文件是会议急等着用的，必须在极为严格的时限内、在保质保量的前提下完成翻译，否则会耽误会议的按时召开，影响各种问题的及时讨论和解决。因此，有效管理时间和在高压下高效提供优质翻译服务的能力，是联合国翻译必须具备的能力。
　　十一．学习和应变能力
　　变化是不变的定律。世界在变，联合国在变，联合国翻译也必须不断适应各种变化，包括议题的变化、工作标准和要求的变化、系统和工具的变化、工作方法的变化、工作量的变化等等。另外，还必须适应语言的发展变化，尤其是中文在信息时代的加速变化。所以，联合国翻译必须具备不断学习的能力，不断跟踪了解中外文出现的新动态，学习各种新知识，学会适应新的环境和要求，学会使用新系统和新工具。在加速变化的当今世界，对联合国翻译来说，不断学习的能力和心态变得日益重要。
　　如果你具备上述品质和素养，相信你会在这次竞争性考试中脱颖而出。祝你考试顺利！
　　注[1]：作者陈忠良先生为联合国大会部文件司中文翻译处处长。
　　注[2]：中文处多位同事（顾静娴、项苍、陶红峰、高志勇、费书东等）对本文提出了宝贵意见和建议。当前位置： &
2017年联合国中文笔译类竞争性考试备考指南
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　　当前，经济全球化和科技信息化不断发展，中国服务外包业日益蓬勃，国内对具有国际视野、适应行业细分领域要求的语言人才需求不断增加。随着中国企业&走出去&进程推进，特别是&一带一路&战略实施深入，跨国公司、政府机构、中外翻译公司及联合国相关组织亟需大量以中文为母语，具有政治、社会、文化、财经、法律和科技等复合专业背景的高端语言服务人才。在此背景下，&联合国语言人才培训体系&（United Nations Language Professionals Training Programme，简称UNLPP）应运而生。　　　　考试简介　　　　UNLPP针对市场细分领域需求，基于联合国相关国际机构及国内语言人才评价体系的发展趋势设置，先后设有政法、财经、科技、医药、工程等专业方向的语言服务职业能力考试，具有&实用、专业、高端、精准&四大特色，是目前亚太地区唯一由联合国训练研究所国际培训机构推出的职业型、专业型国际语言人才培训项目。该项目将按专业、语种、级别在中国国内和国际范围内逐步推行。　　　　联合国训练研究所（United Nations Institute for Training and Research，简称UNITAR）根据联合国大会日1934号（ⅩⅧ）决议成立于1965年，总部设在纽约。其宗旨与职能是：增加联合国在维持和平与安全、促进经济与社会发展方面的有效性；对从事多边和双边活动的外交和外语人材进行训练，对联合国职能与目标有关的问题进行专题研究。　　　　考试概述　　　　定于日(星期六)举行联合国中文笔译员、编辑、逐字记录员和制版员/校对员/制作编辑竞争性考试。　　　　考试暂定分两个阶段进行。第一阶段为网考，内容包括：　　　　1. 普通类考卷（英译中），时间大约1.5小时。这张考卷很可能是淘汰性质，唯有及格者，其后两篇考卷才有可能得到评判。　　　　2. 专业类考卷（英译中），时间大约1.5小时。可能包括的专业题材有法律、经济、财务、技术等。　　　　3. 任选一张考卷：考生可以选择其他外文考卷（阿文、法文、俄文或西文译成中文），也可以选择中译英考卷，时间大约1.5小时。　　　　通过第一阶段考试的考生将接到邀请，参加第二阶段考试，内容包括英译中（闭卷）和面试。这一阶段的笔试部分将是严格的闭卷考试，而且有严格的监考。　　　　上述考试形式和内容都属暂定，可能会有变化，但无论第一还是第二阶段，都会提前发出通知，请以通知内信息为准，参加考试邀请和未通过筛选通知约在4月初发出。　　　　备考指南　　　　可以说，我们平时的学习和工作一直在为联合国笔译类竞争性考试做准备。考试考的是日积月累练就的功底。当然，做些必要的考前准备也是需要的。中外文功底扎实、好奇心强、知识面广、关心时事，这对联合国翻译人员非常重要，因为他们所翻译的文件事关联合国处理的每个议题。 　　　　1. 译员首先必须是好的写作者。而为了写好，必须多读。一是要多读以母语和外文书写的文字，二是多读各种题材的文字，尤其是涉及联合国工作领域的内容，如国际和平与安全、人权、经济和社会发展、人道主义事务和国际法等领域。广泛阅读不仅可以扩大知识面，深入了解相关议题，还有助于提高语言修养，熟悉各种文体文风，扩大词汇量，并熟悉相应的典型句子结构和表述方式。　　　　2. 随时了解世界各地的政治、社会、文化和其他新情况，比较不同语言的报刊杂志和新闻报道中对同一事件的报道。可以通过联合国电子版和印刷版的新闻来源以及视听资料网站http://www.unmultimedia.org/来阅读、收看和收听最新新闻和档案材料。还可以通过访问联合国正式文件系统ods.un.org来比较同一文件的不同语文版本，熟悉联合国文件的风格和术语。　　　　3. 多做练习。唯有多做练习，才能提高外文理解能力和母语表述能力，才能了解熟悉联合国通常会处理的文件的内容、题材、词汇和风格。决定翻译质量的要素是译文的准确性（没有错译、漏译、不必要的添加或重点转移）、风格（清晰、流畅、通用、恰当；正确的术语、语法、拼写和标点符号）、上下文一致。译文的格式通常也应符合原文的格式。在开始翻译之前，最好先通读一遍文本，以便更好地理解上下文。同样重要的是，在交卷前也需要通读一遍译文，以确保译文流畅，无打字错误。　　　　4. 掌握好时间。尝试为每个练习作业设置时限，并相应地调整速度。无论是前松后紧还是前紧后松，适合自己的节奏最重要。应锻炼自己在压力下工作的能力。请注意每份考卷的时间规定。　　　　本页面底部列出了考试样题，不妨试着练习一下，一来了解考卷的棘手之处和难易程度，二来了解自己的速度，以便适当调整。　　　　在面试方面，考生应围绕职缺通知（Job Opening）中提及的各项要求（Competencies： technological awareness）做准备。尽可能以实例来展示自己在相关方面的能力和经历，避免夸夸其谈，空而不实。　　　　考试样题　　　　These sample texts are intended for practice purposes only. The aim is to familiarize applicants with the approximate length of the actual test papers. They are not intended to reflect, suggest, or in any way indicate to applicants the subject matter, genre, style, level of difficulty, or any other aspect of the actual test papers.　　　　General Text　　　　It was not so long ago that the parts of the globe covered permanently with ice and snow, the Arctic, Antarctic, and Greater Himalayas, were viewed as distant, frigid climes of little consequence. Only the most intrepid adventurers were drawn to such desolate regions as the Tibetan Plateau, which, when finally surveyed, proved to have the planet&s fourteen highest peaks. Because these mountains encompass the largest nonpolar ice mass in the world&embracing some 46,298 glaciers covering 17 percent of the area&s land and since time immemorial have held water in frozen reserve for the people of Asia&they have come to be known as &The Third Pole.&　　　　There was a time when the immensity of such larger-than-life features of our natural world as oceans, deserts, mountains, and glaciers evoked awe and even fear. These days, however, these once seemingly eternal and invincible aspects of our planet&s architecture are on the defensive. And only belatedly are we beginning to understand how fragile and interconnected they actually are with myriad other elements of planetary life.　　　　Until now, the formidable glaciers of the world hardly seemed vulnerable. While they may appear immobile, they are actually &rivers of ice,&& and are constantly moving downward from their &accumulation zones& high on mountainsides where snows fall and are compressed into &firn,& the blue ice that gives glaciers their air of frozen purity. Pushed by their own immense weight, and aided by meltwaters, which seep down crevasses to lubricate the interface between ice and rock, glaciers make their slow gravity-driven progress downward, carving out whole valleys as they move and gathering up so much debris before them and on their surfaces that they often look more like conveyor belts for rocks than icefalls.　　　　When we think of glaciers, we usually evoke images of pristine, white leviathans of mountain ice, radiant in the sunlight, sweeping down spectacular alpine valleys to produce streams of cold, pure water. When we think of fossil fuels, on the other hand, we imagine very different images&of dark, grimy coal mines and pitch-black oil gushers and spills that despoil nature. While at first blush glaciers and fossil fuels may seem opposite and unrelated, in reality they are intimately connected, and one important link is black carbon soot.　　　　Scientists have been doing research and fieldwork on how the black carbon that was once immobilized deep beneath the ground now affects the snowy surfaces of high-altitude glaciers and will become &a significant contributing factor to observed rapid glacier retreat.& While airborne Atmospheric brown clouds can migrate across oceans, making one country&s pollutants another&s problem, black carbon from India is more immediately deposited on Himalayan glaciers via warm, moisture-laden, southerly monsoon winds that sweep it up onto the Tibetan Plateau. When cooled at high altitudes, this moist monsoon air condenses into rain and snow. However, because of increasingly warmer high-altitude temperatures, once the soot-laden snow lands, more of it now quickly melts before new snow can bury it and compress it into glacial ice. So with successive meltings of new layers of freshly fallen snow, concentrations of black soot build up, turning the surface of glaciers into giant collectors of solar heat.　　　　Even as the scientific evidence of human impact on this defiant but delicate region piles up around us and we see the patrimony of these glaciers melt away before our eyes, we remain strangely reluctant to acknowledge how radically we have altered our relationship to this part of the natural world.　　　　Surely it is one of the great ironies of our age that even in the midst of the &Information Technology Revolution,& which daily inundates us with vast quantities of information that are supposed to inform and liberate us, we are still unable to synthesize it so as to galvanize ourselves for action.　　　　Specialized text　　　　Part 1　　　　The marginalization of normative inquiry into international law is especially regrettable, since the most pressing questions that arise concerning international law today are arguably primarily normative in character. On the one hand, the ambit of the authority claimed by international law has grown exponentially in recent years, with the proliferation of international legal institutions and norms entailing that many more aspects of life on our planet are now governed by international law than ever before in human history. For example, post-war institutions such as the United Nations and its judicial arm have been joined in recent years by new institutions and a plethora of human rights treaty bodies, regional organizations and courts.　　　　On the other hand, the emergence and intensification of various problems with a strong global dimension & widespread violations of human rights, the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction, the rise of global terror networks and the &war on terror& launched by some states in reaction to them, the mutual interdependence and vulnerability wrought by economic globalization, the environmental crisis, the threat posed by pandemics, illegal movements of people across state boundaries, and so on & appears to outrun the problem-solving capacity of any individual state or group of states to deal with adequately, and seems to necessitate the development of appropriate international legal frameworks.　　　　One manifestation of the pressing nature of normative questions is that even those international relations and post-modern theorists who purport to desist from any form of ethical advocacy often seem, at least to their opponents, to be operating with a normative agenda. This self-consciousness is in turn a necessary preliminary to defending, or else revising or abandoning, that agenda in light of the criticisms it attracts as well as the results of trying to implement it in practice.　　　　Part 2　　　　Quantifying the factors underlying persistent current account deficits and the direction of causality with some degree of certainty can be a complicated exercise. Besides a rigorous econometrically fitted model with precise estimated coefficients, it requires a credible counterfactual scenario that can be used for comparison&which implies some causal ordering of the simultaneously determined variables. Moving from these accounting identities to explore behavioral relationships among these variables is therefore the most challenging and controversial part of the debate.　　　　The first approach typically uses national accounts to describe how patterns of domestic savings and investment are linked to trade and current account balances. It starts with the identity reflected in equation that domestic production equals total spending plus the trade balance. The sources of savings in any given economy can therefore be said to correspond to the demand for financial capital. To examine the national accounts identity from the perspective of the sources and uses of funds, one must disaggregate foreign and domestic variables, and public and private variables: private savings plus capital inflows (foreign savings) through the current account or trade deficit must equal private investment and the budget balance. This formulation helps make the point that the US trade deficit reflects a higher level of spending than its domestic production. As a consequence, fiscal deficits fuel current account deficits through their effect on national saving.　　　　The National Accounts Lenses is the well-known twin-deficits hypothesis: when a government increases its fiscal deficit&for instance by launching a fiscal stimulus package, by cutting taxes&domestic residents use some of their new income to consume more, causing national saving to decline. This trend in saving requires the country either to borrow from abroad or reduce its foreign lending, unless domestic investment decreases enough to offset the saving shortfall. Thus, a larger fiscal deficit is typically accompanied by a wider current account deficit. Yet, empirical evidence has been hard to find in the US case, not least because the link between fiscal and current account deficits is not as straightforward as the accounting identities would suggest.
（编辑:xueqi）
每日英语词汇
The professors asked John a tough unexpected question about his thesis, but he rolled with the punches and gave a satisfactory answer.
　　增值电信业务经营许可证京B2-
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